Storage performance-metrics and benchmarks

The metrics and benchmarks used in storage performance evaluation are discussed. The technology trends taking place in storage systems, such as disk and tape evolution, disk arrays, and solid-state disks, are highlighted. The current popular I/O benchmarks are then described, reviewed, and run on three systems: a DECstation 5000/200 running the Sprite Operating System, a SPARCstation 1+ running SunOS, and an HP Series 700 (Model 730) running HP-UX. Two approaches to storage benchmarks-LADDIS and a self-scaling benchmark with predicted performance-are also described     

20-nm optical wavelength conversion using nondegenerate four-wavemixing

Wavelength conversion of optical signals over 20 nm is demonstrated using highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a semiconductor traveling-wave optical amplifier. This technique has the potential for extremely-high-speed operation and allows continuous tuning of both input and output wavelengths over the amplifier gain bandwidth. It is demonstrated that, even for such a large wavelength conversion range, it is possible to obtain conversion efficiencies in excess of -10 dB and high extinction ratios. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated by system measurements at 622 Mb/s, showing a 1.1-dB power penalty at 10^-9 bit error rate (BER)     

Reduction of edge reflections in the TLM model

The author points out that in the transmission-line-matrix (TLM) method, spurious reflection is encountered at the edge of the mesh. By transforming the infinite region exterior to a finite region and discretizing it by a second mesh, the magnitude of reflection is much reduced. Numerical results are presented together with an application     

Recent Developments in Equipment and Application of Ion Beam Assisted Thin Film Deposition

Ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) of thin films is still a new technology with respect to the number of applications. A broader industrial application depends on the availability and versatility of facilities which are able to process various kinds of workpieces under appropriate conditions. Recently, IBAD facilities of the second generation were described in literature and are partially commercially available. In the present report such IBAD machines with their special features such as number and kind of ion sources and evaporators are described. Particularly, the set-up of the ALLIGATOR, a versatile IBAD device for coating complex workpieces under ion bombardment with a broad range of ion energies, is described. As an application example, recent results on the treatment of medical implants are discussed. In -vivo tests of coated cardiovascular stents showed that the deposited noble metal films were effective in influencing the corrosivity and thromboresistance of the implant     

Thermal expansion of semiconductor materials

The thermal expansion of tellurides of germanium, bismuth, and intermetallic compounds is investigated over the temperature range 293-973 K.Belarusian Agricultural Technical University, Minsk. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 612–616, May 1994.     

Teaching Design to Freshmen: Style and Content

This paper describe a freshman course in engineering design that stresses the open-ended and ill-structured nature of design in a project-based context. The projects are chosen in part for their social context and utility. The projects are supplemented by lectures on design methodology and other topics related to engineering practice. Among the deliverables required of the students are proposals, progress reports, and written and oral presentations—the latter to an external design jury as part of a design competition.     

Estimation of linear parametric models of nonGaussian discreterandom fields with application to texture synthesis

A general (possibly asymmetric noncausal and/or nonminimum phase) 2D autoregressive moving average random field model driven by an independent and identically distributed 2D nonGaussian sequence is considered. The model is restricted to be invertible, i.e., system zeros are not allowed to lie on the unit bicircle. Three performance criteria are investigated for parameter estimation of the system parameters given only the output measurements (image pixels). The proposed criteria are functions of the higher order cumulant statistics of an inverse filter output. One of these criteria is novel and the others have been considered in past only for moving average inverses and without any analysis of their consistency. In the paper strong consistency of the proposed methods under the assumption that the system order is known is proved. The convergence of the proposed parameter estimators under overparametrization is also analyzed. Experimental results involving synthesized as well as real life textures are presented to illustrate the performance of two of the considered approaches. Experimental results of synthesis of 128x128 textures visually resembling several real life textures in the Brodatz album (and other sources) are presented.     

Development of ovarian pathology after hysterectomy without oophorectomy

This study was done to determine the occurrence of disease in retained ovaries after hysterectomy. A retrospective analysis of patient charts was performed, comparing the patient reports of women who had secondary ovarian lesions with those whose ovaries showed no pathologic findings during the ten year period of observation (1980 to 1990). The study included 1,265 women with at least one ovary saved after hysterectomy for benign indications. Main outcome measures were ovarian pathologic findings after hysterectomy requiring repeat operation. The overall incidence of lesions in retained ovaries was 3.95 percent. There was a 3 percent risk of having secondary ovarian pathologic findings within three years after hysterectomy, with a decreased risk for the following seven years (mean follow-up time of 60 months, range of three to 120 months). Histologic findings at reoperation included common benign conditions of the ovary. No instance of carcinoma of the ovary was found. The risk of having pathology in the retained ovaries after hysterectomy was significantly higher in women who had only one ovary saved, compared with those who had both ovaries saved (7.63 versus 3.47 percent; p < 0.05). The mean age at hysterectomy was significantly lower in women who had ovarian disorders subsequent to hysterectomy than in those who did not (39.3 versus 43.9 years; p < 0.001). In the group of women with secondary ovarian lesions, mean parity was significantly lower than in those without reoperation (1.22 versus 1.94; p < 0.0001). Women with unilateral oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy had twice the risk of secondary ovarian lesions, compared with those without oophorectomy at hysterectomy. Determinants, such as age, parity and gravidity must be considered when deciding whether or not to perform oophorectomy at hysterectomy.     

An experimental and numerical investigation of ductile crack growth characteristics in surface cracked specimens under combined loading

Fracture mechanics tests have been performed in the upper shelf region of a steel on large surface cracked plate (SCT) specimens and on small compact tension (CT) specimens. Some of the SCT specimens were subjected to combined tension and bending in such a way that the loading was strongly non-proportional. Crack growth characteristics were compared between the specimens in order to assess possible influences of geometry and nonproportional loading. The differences observed could unambiguously be reduced to and correlated with differences in constraint. Constraint parameters were evaluated by detailed three-dimensional finite element computations and quantities for growing cracks were interpreted on the basis of deformation theory considerations, in analogy with the commonly used J _R-philosophy. It was noted that the initiation of ductile crack growth along a three-dimensional crack front appears to be independent of the degree of local constraint. However, the increase in toughness for a growing crack was markedly affected by the degree of local constraint. Some estimates of the constraints effects regarding stability considerations were also made.