Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. 58. Ligand-sensitized electrogenerated chemiluminescence in europium labels

The electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of a series of europium chelates, cryptates, and mixed-ligand chelate/cryptand complexes were studied. The complexes were of the following general forms: EuL(4)(-), where L = β-diketonate, a bis-chelating ligand (such as dibenzoylmethide), added as salts (A)EuL(4), where A = tetrabutylammonium ion or piperidinium ion (pipH(+)); Eu(crypt)(3+), where crypt = a cryptand ligand, e.g., 4,7,13,16,21-pentaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8,8,5]tricosane; and Eu(crypt)(L)(2+) for the mixed-ligand systems. ECL was obtained for the chelates and mixed-ligand systems by reducing the complexes at a Pt electrode in the presence of peroxydisulfate in acetonitrile solutions and was attributed to the electron-transfer reaction between the reduced bound ligands and SO(4)(?)(-), followed by intramolecular excitation transfer from the excited ligand orbitals to the metal-centered 4f states. No ECL was observed under the same conditions for the europium complexes incorporating only the cryptand ligands in aqueous solution. The ECL spectra matched the photoluminescence spectra with a narrow emission band observed at 612 nm, corresponding to a metal-centered 4f-4f transition. The ECL efficiencies for the ECL-active species were low, about 10(-)(1)-10(-)(4)% of that of the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)/S(2)O(8)(2)(-) system under similar conditions.     

Rapid, noninvasive concentration measurements of aqueous biological analytes by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy

Accurate concentration measurements of glucose, lactic acid, and creatinine in saline solution have beena chieved with near-IR Raman spectroscopy and a partial least-squares analysis. The Raman spectra were acquired remotely through optical fibers. A root-mean-squared prediction error of 1.2 mM for glucose concentration was achieved in 100 s. Concentrations of other analytes were predicted with similar accuracy.     

Learning the higher-order structure of a natural sound

Unsupervised learning algorithms paying attention only to second-order statistics ignore the phase structure (higher-order statistics) of signals, which contains all the informative temporal and spatial coincidences which we think of as 'features'. Here we discuss how an Independent Component Analysis (ICA) algorithm may be used to elucidate the higher-order structure of natural signals, yielding their independent basis functions. This is illustrated with the ICA transform of the sound of a fingernail tapping musically on a tooth. The resulting independent basis functions look like the sounds themselves, having similar temporal envelopes and the same musical pitches. Thus they reflect both the phase and frequency information inherent in the data.     

一种减少测距误差的传感器网络定位算法

接收信号强度(RSSI)常被作为无线传感器网络定位算法的测距技术,通常,获取的RSSI信号序列中同时存在随机误差和粗差两种误差,利用以往常用的算法都难以消除混合误差对RSSI测量统计数据的影响;在分析两种误差特征的基础上,提出了一种基于统计中值的加权定位算法,算法在去除粗差的基础上,能在一定程度上平滑了随机误差,算法不仅提高了定位的精度,同时提高了节点的覆盖率;理论分析和仿真结果都表明算法具有较高的定位精度和覆盖率,最优情况下定位精度较原先算法能够提高6.99%,而不可定位节点比例下降8.05%。     

基于分组的动态帧时隙ALOHA防碰撞算法研究

在RFID系统中,由标签引起的冲突一直是影响RFID系统性能的重要因素.为了进一步提高RFID系统中电子标签的识别效率,在对现有的ALOHA算法分析的基础上,提出了一种改进的分组动态帧时隙ALOHA算法.该算法通过改变标签分组的方法提高了阅读器识别标签的效率.当标签数量大于256时,该算法能有效地减少阅读器的识别时间,提高了RFID系统的标签识别效率.仿真结果表明:当标签数为1000时,该算法比基本帧时隙ALOHA算法和动态帧时隙ALOHA算法所用时隙数分别减少了43％和39％.     

信息安全技术的两种大胆思维

本文作者结合国有企业乃至互联网的体系结构,分析了未来的网络发展与新技术的关系,充分强调要以独立发展为主、新技术借鉴为辅的企业网络安全建设理念,提出了改进信息网络安全的两种新设想:一是建立了一种独有的矩阵逻辑模型,解释此种模型如何实现网络资源的动态分配、自维护功能;二是借用医学领域的神经网络概念,将其扩展到网络的安防机制中,提出对受到的网络攻击如何实现网络云自我在控、自动防护、自动隔离的大胆设想。整篇文章围绕着网络架构的安全性、可靠性展开充分论证,思维大胆,分析具体,见解独到。     

信息安全技术的两种大胆思维

本文作者结合国有企业乃至互联网的体系结构.分析了未来的网络发展与新技术的关系.充分强调要以独立发展为主.新技术借鉴为辅的企业网络安全建设理念,提出了改进信息网络安全的两种新设想:一是建立了一种独有的矩阵逻辑模型.解释此种模型如何实现网络资源的动态分配、自维护功能;二是借用医学领域的神经网络概念.将其扩展到网络的安防机制中,提出对受到的网络攻击如何实现网络云自我在控,自动防护.自动隔离的大胆设想.整篇文章围绕着网络架构的安全性、可靠性展开充分论证,思维大胆.分析具体.见解独到.     

Automated extraction of DNA from blood and PCR setup using a Tecan Freedom EVO liquid handler for forensic genetic STR typing of reference samples

We have implemented and validated automated protocols for DNA extraction and PCR setup using a Tecan Freedom EVO liquid handler mounted with the Te-MagS magnetic separation device (Tecan, M?nnedorf, Switzerland). The protocols were validated for accredited forensic genetic work according to ISO 17025 using the Qiagen MagAttract DNA Mini M48 kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) from fresh whole blood and blood from deceased individuals. The workflow was simplified by returning the DNA extracts to the original tubes minimizing the risk of misplacing samples. The tubes that originally contained the samples were washed with MilliQ water before the return of the DNA extracts. The PCR was setup in 96-well microtiter plates. The methods were validated for the kits: AmpF?STR Identifiler, SGM Plus and Yfiler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), GenePrint FFFL and PowerPlex Y (Promega, Madison, WI). The automated protocols allowed for extraction and addition of PCR master mix of 96 samples within 3.5h. In conclusion, we demonstrated that (1) DNA extraction with magnetic beads and (2) PCR setup for accredited, forensic genetic short tandem repeat typing can be implemented on a simple automated liquid handler leading to the reduction of manual work, and increased quality and throughput.     

Parallel force measurement with a polymeric microbeam array using an optical microscope and micromanipulator

An image analysis method and its validation are presented for tracking the displacements of parallel mechanical force sensors. Force is measured using a combination of beam theory, optical microscopy, and image analysis. The primary instrument is a calibrated polymeric microbeam array mounted on a micromanipulator with the intended purpose of measuring traction forces on cell cultures or cell arrays. One application is the testing of hypotheses involving cellular mechanotransduction mechanisms. An Otsu-based image analysis code calculates displacement and force on cellular or other soft structures by using edge detection and image subtraction on digitally captured optical microscopy images. Forces as small as 250+/-50 nN and as great as 25+/-2.5 microN may be applied and measured upon as few as one or as many as hundreds of structures in parallel. A validation of the method is provided by comparing results from a rigid glass surface and a compliant polymeric surface.