KINETIC BEHAVIOR OF SOYBEAN LIPOXYGENASE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE FREE ENZYME AND THE ENZYME IMMOBILIZED IN AN ALGINATE SILICA SOL‐GEL MATRIX1

Lipoxygenase (LOX) is an enzyme that regioselectively introduces a hydroperoxide into polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). We recently reported a procedure that immobilizes soybean LOX within an alginate sol‐gel matrix. In this study, the kinetic profile of free LOX was compared with that of the sol‐gel immobilized LOX. The temperature dependent activity profile of free LOX was optimal at 25C whereas immobilized LOX had optimal activity over the temperature range of 25–35C. Enzyme activity, measured in aqueous buffer, for both the free and immobilized LOX preparations had K_m values of 2.5 and 1.40 mmoles/L, respectively, and V_max values of 0.056 and 0.02 μmol/min, respectively. The relative rates of oxidation of linoleic acid and acylgfycerols containing linoleoyl residues catalyzed by free and immobilized LOX also were determined The results showed that both free and immobilized LOX favor linoleic acid as a substrate. Relative substrate preference for free LOX was linoleic acid >1‐monolinolein > 1,3‐dilinolein >trilinolein, and for immobilized LOX was linoleic acid >l, 3‐dilinolein >1‐monolinolein >trilinolein. In general, LOX immobilized in alginate silica sol‐gel matrix retained the physical and chemical characteristics of free LOX.     

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF MANGANESE SPECIFICATION IN BASIC OPEN HEARTH PROCESS

本文结合生产研究了鞍钢碱性平爐冶炼重轨和无缝等碳素镇静钢的锰制度.研究结果指出:就上述鋼种而言,熔炼过程中的锰制度对钢中氧、硫含量以及轧制的成品質量並没有实际影响,换句话说,并没有必要规定熔池含锰量高於一定水平(>0.15—0.2%Mn).相反地,熔池含锰较高或在熔炼过程中加入锰铁均使降碳速度趋於缓慢,从而延长了熔炼时间.因此,只要高炉铁水中含硫量能够合乎规定,用低锰生铁作原料对炼钢並无害处.通过高爐生产数据分析,说明在鞍钢的操作条件下完全有可能生产含锰低而含硫合乎上述规定的铁水,应该认为用低锰生鉄冶炼重轨和无缝类型的优質鋼是切实可行的.     

EFFECTS OF INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS AND MOLECULAR ORIENTATION ON THE FLUX BEHAVIOR OF XANTHAN GUM SOLUTIONS DURING ULTRAFILTRATION

Conformational changes of xanthan gum as a function of concentration were investigated to elucidate its unusual flux behavior during ultrafiltration (UF). The contribution of hydrogen bonding on structure formation and the molecular orientation of xanthan gum on the flow characteristics were studied rheomechanically and rheo-optically. Known to affect xanthan structure at low concentrations, hydrogen bonding unexpectedly did not show significant influence on xanthan rheological properties up to 2 wt %. The ordered layers formed on the membrane surface proved responsible for the enhanced water removal during UF. This unique behavior could be attributed to the formation of aligned molecular orientation in addition to the viscosity increases during the biphasic region. Significant differences were observed between xanthan fermentation broth and solutions made of commercial xanthan, suggesting the need to control the salt concentration in fermentation broth in order to make UF an effective recovery process for xanthan gum after fermentation.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The knowledge gained from the present study strengthens fundamental understandings on the conformational changes of xanthan biopolymers during the recovery of xanthan gum from fermentation broth using ultrafiltration (UF). By taking advantage of the aligned molecular orientation, along with controlling the salt concentration in the fermentation broth, UF could be operated at elevated flux to speed up the removal of water from the viscous fermentation broth. The technology should find broad applications in the fermentation industry, especially where viscosity is of concern during the separation and purification of the product.     

决明子蛋白水解产物的抗氧化活性:热和胃肠稳定性,肽鉴定和计算机分析

决明子乃决明(Cassia obtusifolia L.)的干燥成熟种子,被中医界用于治疗各种疾病。本研究探讨决明子水解产物的抗氧化活性和稳定性,并鉴定其中的短肽。决明子蛋白经过碱性蛋白酶水解2～6 h,以超滤膜技术产生3000 u肽组分。UF 2 h(2 h水解产物分离出来的3000 u组分)表现出最强的ABTS·~+清除能力(EC50=229μg/mL)和铁螯合能力(EC50=89μg/mL)。经过热处理和模拟胃肠消化后,UF 2 h的ABTS·~+清除能力都得以保留。UF 2 h仅在模拟胃肠消化胃后保留铁螯合活性。试验通过使用固相萃取,凝胶色谱和高效液相色谱对UF 2 h进行分离纯化。通过质谱分析,鉴定了四个肽:PMPVR(599.29 u),FETLPF(752.34 u),KMRDNL(775.37 u)和LDESKRF(893.50 u)。计算机分析预测,在模拟胃肠消化前,四个肽皆无毒无过敏性。胃肠消化后,四个肽释放的片段仍无毒,仅PMPVR和KMRDNL释放的肽片段无过敏性的。UF 2 h及其活性肽可作为抗氧化剂,用于开发功能性食品和营养保健品。     

Preparation and Properties of Monodispersed Colloidal Particles of Lanthanide Compounds: III, Yttrium(III) and Mixed Yttrium(III)/Cerium(III) Systems

Colloidal dispersions of uniform spherical particles of yttrium basic carbonate and rodlike particles of yttrium ammine carbonate were prepared by aging at elevated temperatures yttrium salt solutions in the presence of urea. Different composition and morphology were achieved by altering the aging temperature and time. Coprecipitation in mixed solutions of yttrium(III) and cerium(III) salts under similar experimental conditions yielded composite spherical particles of basic carbonate. The content of the two metals in the solids followed closely the initial composition of the reacting solutions. On calcination all prepared solids converted to their corresponding oxides while retaining their particle morphology. The so-prepared powders were characterized by various techniques.     

Viscoelastic Behavior of Whey Protein Isolates at the Sol-Gel Transition Point

The flow behavior of whey protein isolates (WPI) was studied in systems processed under different conditions. Experiments were undertaken to study effects of heating conditions (temperature/time), pH, solid content, calcium chloride, and guanidinium hydrochloride addition on the gelation of whey protein isolate solutions. The rheological data demonstrated a power-law frequency dependence of the viscoelastic functions G″ (ω) and G″ (ω) and a frequency-independent tan δ determined from a multi-frequency scan of tan δ vs gelling time at the gel point. The power-law exponents (n) obtained from these dynamic measurements for determining the sol-gel transition point were between 0.62 and 0.69. Those values suggest a percolation mechanism for the gelation process.     

Interpenetrating polymer networks of polyurethane cross-linked epoxy and polyurethanes

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were prepared from polyurethane (PU) cross-linked epoxy and polyurethanes based on the mixture of polydiol and polytriol by the one-shot method. The mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, morphology and damping behaviour were investigated. The results show that the damping ability and mechanical strength are enhanced through the introduction of PU cross-linked epoxy into the PU matrix to form the IPN structure. As the epoxy content increases, the tensile strength of the two types of the IPNs decrease in low composition, then increase in high composition. The damping properties of the PU (polyether type) cross-linked epoxy/PU IPNs are much better than those of the PU (polyester type) cross-linked epoxy/PU IPNs, but the mechanical properties reveal an opposite tendency. The sample with 20 wt% epoxy content in the PU cross-linked epoxy/PU IPNs shows particle–matrix morphology and exhibits good damping properties.     

NUMERICAL GRID GENERATION OF AN IRREGULAR REGION

A procedure of numerical conformal mapping is established to generate grids of a two-dimensional irregular region for further computations. The approach employs a sequence of Zⁿ transformations to map an irregular region into a quadrilateral region with right angles at each of the four corners. This quadrilateral region is then transformed into a rectangular domain by using the boundary integral element method to solve the Laplace mapping equations. Grids are generated in the transformed rectangular domain and are mapped inversely into the original irregular region. The present technique of grid generation is demonstrated and verified in two benchmark problems. For physical applications, steady-state temperature distributions in a circle and an area bounded by two triangles are calculated and verified, using the present techniques. The present technique of numerical conformal mapping can generate grids for the finite element method or boundary-fitted co-ordinates for the finite difference method. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.