Simultaneous Aluminizing and Chromizing of Steels to Form (Fe,Cr)3Al Coatings

A cementation pack involving halide activatorsand elemental Al and Cr powders has been used to achievethe codeposition and diffusion of aluminum and chromiuminto low-alloy steels. A two-step treatment at 925°C and 1150°C yields dense anduniform ferrite coatings of about 400-m thickness,with surface compositions of approximatelyFe₃Al plus several percent Cr. The two stepheating schedule prevents the formation of a blocking chromium carbide atthe substrate surface. An attempt was made to add atrace of Ce to the Al + Cr content of the coating byintroducing Ce oxide into the pack, but there is no evidence that this doping was achieved. Uponcyclic oxidation in air at 700°C, the coated steelexhibits a negligible 0.085 mg/cm² weightgain for 1900 one-hour cycles. Virtually no attack wasobserved on coated steels tested in a simulated boileratmosphere at 500°C for 500 hr. But coatings with asurface composition of only 8 wt.% Al and 6 wt.% Crsuffered limited sulfidation attack in the simulated boiler atmosphere at temperatures higher than500°C for 1000 hr.     

Oxidation of hafnium carbide and hafnium carbide with additions of tantalum and praseodymium

The oxidation behavior of HfC, HfC-25 wt. % TaC, and HfC-7 wt.% PrC₂ has been studied between 1200–2200° C. Parabolic growth of the oxide layer has been observed for both HfC and HfC-TaC over the entire temperature range. A break in the temperature dependence of the oxidation kinetics occurs around 1600°C. At lower temperatures, the kinetics are limited by gaseous diffusion via pores in the oxide. Above 1800°C, gaseous diffusion through pores becomes less important as scale-growth kinetics are dominated by bulk (ambipolar) diffusion of oxygen and electrons through the oxide.     

Stereoisomere Aromastoffe

Zusammenfassung Die Synthese von acht verschiedenen 2-Alkoxy-5-alkyl-tetrahydrofuranen und ihren Stereoisomeren wird vorgestellt, sieben von ihnen sind als Aromastoffe der Wassermelone bekannt. Alle Stereoisomeren werden, ausgehend von optisch reinen-Nonalacton-Enantiomeren, synthetisiert und mit Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid selektiv zu den entsprechenden Lactolen reduziert. Die Lactole werden mit den gewünschten Alkoholen in schwach saurer Lösung zucis/trans-Diastereomeren umgesetzt und durch Flüssigchromatographie in optisch reine Stereoisomere getrennt. Die sensorische Charakteristik aller Stereoisomeren der sieben Verbindungen wird aufgezeigt. Die Trennung dercis/trans-Diastereomeren an DB-210 wird vorgestellt und die chirospezifische Differenzierung der acht Verbindungen diskutiert.

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Stereoisomeric flavour compounds L. Optically pure 2-alkoxy-5-alkyl-tetrahydrofurans — structures and properties

Summary The synthesis of eight different 2-alkoxy-5-alkyltetrahydrofurans and their stereoisomers is presented, seven of which are known to be flavour compounds of water melons. All stereoisomers were synthesized from optically pure-lactone enantiomers, which were selectively reduced by diisobutylaluminium hydride to the corresponding lactols. The lactols were treated with the desired alcohol component in weakly acidic media to yield thecis/trans diastereoisomers, which were separated into optically pure stereoisomers by liquid chromatography. The sensory characteristics of all four stereoisomers of the seven compounds are given. The Stereodifferentiation of thesecis/trans diastereoisomers on DB-210 is demonstrated and the direct chirospecific differentiation of all eight compounds discussed.

     

Effects of molten aluminum on H13 dies and coatings

The effects of molten aluminum casting alloy A390 on a commercially heat treated H13 die steel and two wear-resistant coatings, Cr₂₃C₆ and TiN, were investigated by an accelerated corrosion test. The H13 steel suffered severe corrosion due to the rapid formation of intermetallic compounds. The formation of multilayer intermetallic compounds and the simultaneous dissociation of the intermetallic compound τ6 (Al₄FeSi) were attributed to the fast dissolution of H13 steels into the melt. This dissolution of the H13 steel was accelerated dramatically by turbulence and an increase in melt temperature. Significant improvement in corrosion resistance was achieved for the H13 steel coated by Cr₂₃C₆ via a pack cementation process.     

A high-temperature oxidation-resistant Fe-Mn-Al-Si alloy

To develop satisfactory alloys without Cr or Ni for high-temperature application up to 1100C, three alloys based on Fe-10%Al-Si with differing fourth (or fifth) element additions were oxidized in air at 1100°Cfor 24 hr. A low carbon, Fe-30Mn-10Al-Si alloy exhibited excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance. The total weight gain for 24 hr oxidation in air at 1100°C was only 1.03 mg/cm ². After air oxidation for 6 days at 1100°C, no nodule formation or breakthrough oxidation occurred. Post-oxidation SEM and EDAX examination showed that a thin, compact, protective alumina scale formed on the alloy.Visiting Scientist (People's Republic of China).     

Codeposited chromium and silicon diffusion coatings for Fe-Base alloys via pack cementation

The simultaneous deposition of Cr and Si into plain carbon, low-alloy, and austenitic steels using a halide-activated pack-cementation process is described. Equilibrium partial pressures of gaseous species have been calculated using the STEPSOL computer program to aid in designing specific processes for codepositing the desired ratios of Cr and Si into a given alloy. The calculations indicate that NaCl-activated packs are chromizing, while NaF-activated packs deposit more Si with less Cr. The use of a dual activator (e.g., NaF+NaCl) allows for the deposition of both Cr and Si in the desired amounts. Single-phase ferritic coatings (150–250 microns thick) with a surface concentration of 20–35 wt.% Cr and 2–4% Si have been grown on AISI 1018, Fe-2.25 Cr-1.0Mo-0.15C, and Fe-0.5 Cr-0.5 Mo-0.2C steels using packs containing a 90 wt.% Cr-10Si binary source alloy, a NaF+NaCl activator, and a silica filler. Two-phase coatings (approximately 75 microns thick) containing 20–25 wt.% Cr and 2.0–2.4% Si have been obtained on 304 stainless steel using packs containing a 90 wt.% Cr-10Si binary source alloy, a NaF activator, and an alumina filler. The same pack chemistry allowed the diffusion of Cr and Si into the austenitic Incoloy 800 alloy without a phase change. A coated Fe-2.25 Cr-1.0 Mo-0.15 C coupon with a surface concentration of Fe-34 wt.% Cr-3Si was cyclically oxidized in air at 700°C for over four months and 47 cycles. The weight gain was very low (<0.2 mg/cm²) with no scale spalling detected. Coated coupons of AISI 1018 steel, and Fe-0.5 Cr-0.5 Mo-0.2C steel have shown excellent oxidation-sulfidation resistance in reducing, sulfur-containing atmospheres at temperatures from 400 to 700°C and in erosion and erosion-oxidation testing in air at 650 and 850°C.     

Oxidation of ternary Co-Cr-W alloys

Oxidation rates in air at 1000–1250°C are reported for a series of Co-Cr-W alloys with 34–40 wt. % Cr and up to 10 wt. % W. Alloys with larger W contents exhibited slower oxidation rates and their parabolic rate constants agreed well with those for binary and ternary, Cr₂O₃ protected, Ni-base and Co-base alloys in the Co-Cr and Ni-Cr-W systems. The resulting scales were characterized by optical and scanning electron metallography, and electron microprobe analysis. The favorable effect of W additions to a Cr₂O₃-forming Co-Cr base alloy was the opposite of that reported for Ni-Cr-W alloys. The resupply of Cr to a Cr-depleted matrix beneath a protective CrO₃ scale is achieved by the dissolution (denuding) of Cr-rich second phases in the Co-Cr-W alloys. Thus, the internal oxidation of Cr beneath the Cr₂O₃ scale is avoided for high W alloys. No catastrophic failure by liquid phase formation was observed for high-W alloys oxidized 20 hr at 1250°C.     

Spray-Coating of Superhydrophobic Coatings for Advanced Applications

Superhydrophobic coatings are widely applicable, e.g., as self-cleaning surfaces or water–oil separation membranes, yet their wider usage is impeded due to costs of fabrication, size, or substrate limitation. Spray-coating is a versatile coating procedures and might offer a good solution for the fabrication of these superhydrophobic coatings, due to the fact that coatings can be fabricated on various materials in a simple, fast, and inexpensive manner. Most procedures rely on hybrid coatings of hydrophobized nanoparticles and a polymeric matrix, which have several drawbacks including the easy loss of nanoparticles and difficult waste handling. Here, the fabrication of the superhydrophobic material, called Fluoropor, for the first time, by spray-coating on various substrates including metals, tissues, concrete, and glass is presented. It is fabricated by spray-coating a mixture of a highly fluorinated monomer blended with porogens followed by photopolymerization. The superhydrophobicity of the material relies on the porous structure on the micro-/nanoscale across the bulk material and does not require any nanoparticles. Excellent self-cleaning ability of these coatings, resistance against thermal and abrasive impact, and their application as oil–water separation membranes are shown. This versatile applicability is highly promising for real-world application as self-cleaning coatings or oil–water separating membranes.