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31.
Jefferson Fabrício Cardoso Lins Hugo Ricardo Z. Sandim Hans-Jürgen Kestenbach 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(16):6572-6577
The present paper reports the experimental results on the microstructural and textural characterization of a hot-rolled IF
steel. The IF steel was hot-rolled in multiple passes in the austenitic field (1,070 °C) followed by air-cooling. SEM, TEM,
and LOM were used to image the microstructure of the material. The global texture was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD)
technique. The mesotexture of selected regions was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Results show the
presence of a diffuse (nearly random) and weak texture in the hot-band that consists of recrystallized polygonal grains and
subgrains. The fraction of boundaries with misorientations comprised in the interval 2° ≤ ψ < 15° was found to be lower than
5%. It can be concluded that these low angle boundaries and the presence of subgrains can be associated to the existence of
a few areas softened by recovery during or after hot rolling in austenitic field. 相似文献
32.
Venezuela's vast natural resource base has largely shaped the nation's economic and energy-use patterns. Major opportunities exist for improving the efficiency of energy use in Venezuela and, consequently, restraining the growth of energy-related carbon emissions. This paper presents a detailed report of one potential development path for Venezuela and estimates the ensuing levels of energy demand and CO2 emissions associated with pursuing this path through the year 2025. The results indicate that by adopting a development strategy that incorporates structural changes in the economy, fuel-switching measures and improved end-use efficiencies, Venezuela can introduce energy efficiency and carbon restraints as part of its economic development process. 相似文献
33.
Crosslinking of tissue-derived biomaterials in 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J. M. Lee H. H. L. Edwards C. A. Pereira S. I. Samii 《Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine》1996,7(9):531-541
In contrast to bifunctional reagents such as glutaraldehyde or polyfunctional reagents such as polyepoxides, carbodiimides belong to the class of zero-length crosslinkers which modify amino acid side-groups to permit crosslink formation, but do not remain as part of that linkage. The authors have compared the effects of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and glutaraldehyde (the de facto industrial standard crosslinker) on the hydrothermal, biochemical, and uniaxial mechanical properties of bovine pericardium. EDC crosslinking was optimized for maximum increase in collagen denaturation temperature using variables of pH, concentration, and ratio of EDC to N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS): a reagent for formation of activated esters. EDC and glutaraldehyde crosslinked materials were subjected to hydrothermal denaturation tests, biochemical degradation by enzymes (collagenase, trypsin) and CNBr, amino acid analysis for unreacted lysine, and to high strain rate mechanical tests including: large deformation stress-strain studies (0.1 to 10 Hz), stress relaxation experiments (loading time 0.1 s) and small deformation forced vibration (1 and 10 Hz). A protocol for EDC crosslinking was developed which used 1.15% EDC (2:1 EDC:NHS) at pH 5.5 for 24 h. The increase in denaturation temperature for EDC (from 69.7±1.2°C to 86.0±0.3°C) was equivalent to that produced by glutaraldehyde (85.3±0.4°C). Both treatments equivalently increased resistance to collagenase and CNBr degradation; however, after denaturation, the EDC-treated tissue was slightly more resistant to collagenase, and markedly more resistant to trypsin. EDC-treated materials were more extensible and more elastic than glutaraldehyde-treated materials. Despite the differences in crosslinking mechanism, EDC and glutaraldehyde-treated materials are very similar. Subtle but intriguing differences in biochemical structure remain to be investigated. 相似文献
34.
Vinayak P. Dravid V. Ravikumar Michael R. Notis Charles E. Lyman Guy Dhalenne Alexandre Revcolevschi 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1994,77(10):2758-2762
A directionally solidified eutectic (DSE) of MnO-ZrO2 has been investigated using a variety of electron optical techniques. It is found that considerable MnO goes into ZrO2 to form a substitutional solid solution. About 14 wt% of MnO is soluble in ZrO2 close to the eutectic temperature. The solubility of ZrO2 in MnO, however, is quite low, less than 0.50 wt%. Electron diffraction experiments indicate that ZrO2 (MnO) has the cubic fluorite structure. Diffuse scattering, similar to other cubic zirconias (e.g., CaO, MgO stabilized zirconia), is also observed in manganese-stabilized zirconia. Diffuse scattering indicates the presence of oxygen vacancies and thus confirms the defect nature of the fluorite structure. Electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) fine structure analysis of the Mn L23 edge provided clear evidence that Mn is present as Mn2+ in Mn-stabilized cubic ZrO2 . 相似文献
35.
Anton A. Kiss Costin S. Bildea Alexandre C. Dimian Piet D. Iedema 《Chemical engineering science》2002,57(4):535-546
This article continues earlier work (Comput. Chem. Eng. 24 (2000) 209) concerning the design and control of isothermal reactor-separator-recycle systems. The multiplicity behaviour of six reaction systems of increasing complexity, from one-reactant, first-order reaction to chain-growth polymerisation, is investigated. Below a critical value of the plant Damkohler number, Da<Dacr, the only steady state involves infinite flow rates. Feasible steady states become possible if the critical value is exceeded, Da>Dacr. For one-reaction systems, one stable steady state is born at a transcritical bifurcation. For consecutive-reaction systems, including polymerisation, a fold bifurcation can lead to two feasible steady states. Moreover, the transcritical bifurcation is destroyed when two reactants are involved. If the gel-effect is included, a maximum of four steady states are possible. When multiple steady states exist, the achievable conversion is constrained by the instability of the low-conversion branch. This has practical importance for polymerisation systems when the radicals’ quasi-steady state assumption is not valid or the gel effect is significant. 相似文献
36.
Electronic commerce is an important application that has evolved significantly recently. However, electronic commerce systems
are complex and difficult to be correctly designed. Guaranteeing the correctness of an e-commerce system is not an easy task
due to the great amount of scenarios where errors occur, many of them very subtle. In this work we presents a methodology
that uses formal-method techniques, specifically symbolic model checking, to design electronic commerce applications and to automatically verify them. Also, a model checking pattern hierarchy has
been developed—it specifies patterns to construct and verify the formal model of e-commerce systems. We consider this research
the first step to the development of a framework, which will integrate the methodology, an e-commerce specification language
based on business rules, and a model checker.
Adriano Pereira received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in computer science in 2000 and 2002, respectively, and he is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
degree in computer science from the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. His current interests are
on performance analysis and modeling of e-business and distributed systems, and formal methods.
Mark Song received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte,
Brazil. His current interests are on distributed systems and formal methods – especially BMC (Bounded Model Checking).
Gustavo Franco received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in computer science in 2001 and 2004, respectively, from the Federal University of Minas
Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. His research was on modeling the user behavior of e-business and distributed systems, and
formal methods. Actually his current interests are on software engeneering and project management of IT projects. 相似文献
37.
We present experimental results on the phase equilibrium of a saturated3He−4He mixture, which has been cooled to a temperature of 10–15 mK and polarized in a4He circulating dilution refrigerator to a stationary polarization of 15%, 7 times higher than the equilibrium polarization
in the external field of 7 T. The pressure dependence of the polarization enhancement in the refrigerator shows that the molar
susceptibilities of the concentrated and dilute phase of a saturared3He-4He mixture are equal atp=2.60±0.04 bar. This result affects the Fermi liquid parameters of the dilute phase. The osmotic pressure in the dilute phase
has been measured as a function of the polarization of the coexisting concentrated phase up to 15%. We find that the osmotic
pressure at low polarization (<7%) agrees well with thermodynamics using the new Fermi liquid parameters of the dilute phase. 相似文献
38.
39.
In this paper, an original spatial shape error-concealment technique, to be used in the context of object-based image and video coding schemes, is proposed. In this technique, it is assumed that the shape of the corrupted object at hand is in the form of a binary alpha plane, in which some of the shape data is missing due to channel errors. From this alpha plane, a contour corresponding to the border of the object can be extracted. However, due to errors, some parts of the contour will be missing and, therefore, the contour will be broken. The proposed technique relies on the interpolation of the missing contours with Bézier curves, which is done based on the available surrounding contours. After all the missing parts of the contour have been interpolated, the concealed alpha plane can be easily reconstructed from the fully recovered contour and used instead of the erroneous one improving the final subjective impact. 相似文献
40.
Celso M. F. Lapa Cludio M. N. A. Pereira Paulo F. Frutuoso e Melo 《Reliability Engineering & System Safety》2003,81(1):103-109
In order to maximize systems average availability during a given period of time, it has recently been developed a non-periodic surveillance test optimization methodology based on genetic algorithms (GA). The fact of allowing non-periodic tests turns the solution space much more flexible and schedules can be better adjusted, providing gains in the overall system average availability, when compared to those obtained by an optimized periodic test scheme. This approach, however, turns the optimization problem more complex. Hence, the use of a powerful optimization technique, such as GA, is required.Considering that some particular features of certain systems can turn it advisable to introduce other specific constraints in the optimization problem, this work investigates the application of seasonal constraints for the set of the Emergency Diesel Generation of a typical four-loop pressurized water reactor in order to planning and optimizing its surveillance test policy. In this analysis, the growth of the blackout accident probability during summer, due to electrical power demand increases, was considered. Here, the used model penalizes surveillance test interventions when the blackout probability is higher.Results demonstrate the ability of the method in adapting the surveillance test policy to seasonal constraints. The knowledge acquired by the GA during the searching process has lead to test schedules that drastically minimize test interventions at periods of high blackout probability. It is compensated by more frequent redistributed tests through the periods of low blackout probability in order to improve on the overall average availability at the system level. 相似文献