Dimensionierung von Kristallisatoren

Current status of crystallizer design . This paper surveys current knowledge in designing large scale crystallizers. The volume of a crystallizer depends on the desired mean crystal size, the suspended magma density and the permissible supersaturation, the latter determining the growth velocity and the nucleation rate. Different techniques for measuring the rate of crystal growth are outlined, as are also the methods used in its calculation, which are based upon various models of crystal growth. In designing a large scale crystallizer the phenomena of fluid dynamics and heat transfer must be taken into consideration. The paper deals with these two areas in detail and discusses problems associated with the control of population balance in the slurry.     

From the green bean to the cup of coffee: investigating coffee roasting by on-line monitoring of volatiles

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), emitted from green coffee beans, during coffee roasting and from a cup of coffee, were all analysed by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Firstly, the headspace (HS) of green beans was investigated. Alcohols dominate the HS, but aldehydes, hydrocarbons and organic acids were also abundant. Secondly, we roasted coffee under two different conditions and monitored on-line the VOCs emitted during the process. In a first roasting series, a batch of beans was roasted. After an initial drying phase, dominated by evaporation of water and methanol, the HS concentrations of VOCs such as acetic acid, acetaldehyde, pyridine and methylbutanal rapidly increased and went through a maximum at medium roast level. In a second series, just six beans were roasted. We observed sporadic bursts of some volatiles (furans, butanal, 2,3-pentanedione), coinciding with popping sounds. Other VOCs showed smooth time-intensity profiles (pyridine, pyrazine). These experiments gave a real-time insight into the complex processes taking place during roasting. Finally, the HS of coffee extracts, prepared from beans roasted to different roast levels, were analysed. Most VOCs showed a maximum concentration at medium roast level (e.g. pentanedione, furfural, 5-methyl furfural), while others showed a gradual increase (e.g. pyrrol) or decrease (e.g. methanol).     

Pathways of sulfide oxidation by haloalkaliphilic bacteria in limited-oxygen gas lift bioreactors

Physicochemical processes, such as the Lo-cat and Amine-Claus process, are commonly used to remove hydrogen sulfide from hydrocarbon gas streams such as landfill gas, natural gas, and synthesis gas. Biodesulfurization offers environmental advantages, but still requires optimization and more insight in the reaction pathways and kinetics. We carried out experiments with gas lift bioreactors inoculated with haloalkaliphilic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. At oxygen-limiting levels, that is, below an O(2)/H(2)S mole ratio of 1, sulfide was oxidized to elemental sulfur and sulfate. We propose that the bacteria reduce NAD(+) without direct transfer of electrons to oxygen and that this is most likely the main route for oxidizing sulfide to elemental sulfur which is subsequently oxidized to sulfate in oxygen-limited bioreactors. We call this pathway the limited oxygen route (LOR). Biomass growth under these conditions is significantly lower than at higher oxygen levels. These findings emphasize the importance of accurate process control. This work also identifies a need for studies exploring similar pathways in other sulfide oxidizers such as Thiobacillus bacteria.     

Bestimmung der Schichtdicken an feueraluminiertem Feinblech

Entwicklung eines automatisierfähigen Gerätes (Hydrevometer) zur schnellen Bestimmung der Auflagen an feueraluminiertem Feinblech. Kontinuierliche Messung des Wasserstoffdruckes und des elektrochemischen Potentials während der schichtweisen Auflösung. Seitendifferenzierende Bestimmung der Aluminiumdeckschicht und der Legierungsschicht. Funktionsweise des Gerätes. Ermittelte Standardabweichungen. Einsatzmöglichkeiten.     

Design of Crystallizers

It is shown how to design a crystallizer starting with data which must be determined in laboratory crystallizers and other measuring equipment. A survey on kinetic data of a large number of systems is given in order to show the range of parameters involved in crystallization.

The paper deals with the scale-up problems of crystallizers which are important when laboratory data are transferred to large-scale crystallizers.