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71.
Lynnette D. Madsen Louise Weaver Henrik Ljungcrantz Alison J. Clark 《Journal of Electronic Materials》1998,27(5):418-426
The microstructure of the Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si structure has been investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Pt films of 100 nm thickness deposited
by sputtering or evaporation onto unheated substrates gave complete coverage of the underlying Ti layer and showed a granular
and faceted structure with grains ∼20 nm in diameter. They did not exhibit hillocks or surface TiOx formation. X-ray diffraction was used to examine the film stress through use of the sin2ψ method with bulk values for the elastic constants (v=0.39, E=162 GPa). The as-deposited sputtered film had a compressive
stress of ∼540 MPa, while the evaporated films had tensile stresses of ∼630 MPa. The films then received a 400°C rapid thermal
anneal (RTA) for 90 s and a subsequent RTA of 650°C for 30s. Further investigation of the film stresses and microstructure
were made after each annealing step. After the low temperature anneal, the film stress for the sputtered film became tensile.
Plan-view sections examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the as-deposited sputtered films were dense
but became porous after annealing. Initially, the evaporated films had a less dense microstructure, but were more stable with
annealing. Little change in the stress for the evaporated film was observed after this initial low temperature annealing step.
Additional annealing of the evaporated and sputtered samples caused complete consumption of the Ti layer including some TiOx formation from the underlying SiO2 layer and marked interaction with the Pt; however, little change in the stress was found. The surface of the Pt film revealed
larger grains, but otherwise remained unaffected. The underlying phase changes were minimized once the Ti layer had reacted
with the Pt. Due to the ratio of the layers, Pt:Ti of 2:1, the surface of the Pt was unaffected. 相似文献
72.
73.
Calear Alison L.; Christensen Helen; Mackinnon Andrew; Griffiths Kathleen M.; O’Kearney Richard 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,77(6):1021
The aim in the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of an online, self-directed cognitive–behavioral therapy program (MoodGYM) in preventing and reducing the symptoms of anxiety and depression in an adolescent school-based population. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted with 30 schools (N = 1,477) from across Australia, with each school randomly allocated to the intervention or wait-list control condition. At postintervention and 6-month follow-up, participants in the intervention condition had significantly lower levels of anxiety than did participants in the wait-list control condition (Cohen’s d = 0.15–0.25). The effects of the MoodGYM program on depressive symptoms were less strong, with only male participants in the intervention condition exhibiting significant reductions in depressive symptoms at postintervention and 6-month follow-up (Cohen’s d = 0.27–0.43). Although small to moderate, the effects obtained in the current study provide support for the utility of universal prevention programs in schools. The effectiveness of booster sessions should be explored in future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
74.
Drawing on and developing Kingdon’s multiple streams analysis, this article examines the development of one aspect of the UK’s low cost home ownership programme: shared ownership. We demonstrate how key human and non-human policy entrepreneurs were able to set the agenda from 1973–1983 in favour of shared ownership; they neutralized the alternatives, while retaining some of their instruments; and solved a number of early problems by bringing key players into the programme. Our data-sets include a range of archival material and elite interviews. The policy entrepreneurs included John Stanley (who was the housing minister in the First Thatcher government), the National Federation of Housing Associations, and the Building Societies Association. Our development of the multiple streams analysis is to argue that documents, including the lease, act as policy entrepreneurs in their own right. The lease was central to the development of shared ownership and its transformation into a model lease enrolled other organizations, most critically the building societies. 相似文献
75.
Alison Parkes 《Behaviour & Information Technology》2017,36(2):165-177
This research explores reliance behaviours of decision-makers using a decision aid. Objective and subjective task characteristics in the form of task complexity and task difficulty, respectively, are examined, along with the effect of the individual characteristic of expertise. A total of 130 subjects (65 novices and 65 experienced practitioners) completed a lab experiment using a decision aid (Insolve-DG) to help them make decisions for two insolvency tasks with differing levels of complexity. The research finds that the objective task characteristic (task complexity) and individual characteristic (expertise) both affect reliance behaviours; however, their effects are fully mediated by the subjective task characteristic (task difficulty). Expertise and task complexity are both associated with the degree of task difficulty experienced by an individual user: increasing task complexity increases task difficulty, and increasing expertise reduces task difficulty. Task difficulty and task complexity are established as different constructs; and importantly it is task difficulty, not task complexity, that ultimately affects reliance. 相似文献
76.
Alison Wenham Lihui Song Malcolm Abbott Iskra Zafirovska Sisi Wang Brett Hallam Catherine Chan Allen Barnett Stuart Wenham 《Frontiers in Energy》2017,11(1):60-66
Cast-mono crystalline silicon wafers contain crystallographic defects, which can severely impact the electrical performance of solar cells. This paper demonstrates that applying hydrogenation processes at moderate temperatures to finished screen print cells can passivate dislocation clusters within the cast-mono crystalline silicon wafers far better than the hydrogenation received during standard commercial firing conditions. Efficiency enhancements of up to 2% absolute are demonstrated on wafers with high dislocation densities. The impact of illumination to manipulate the charge state of hydrogen during annealing is investigated and found to not be significant on the wafers used in this study. This finding is contrary to a previous study on similar wafers that concluded increased H– or H0 from laser illumination was responsible for the further passivation of positively charged dangling bonds within the dislocation clusters. 相似文献
77.
78.
Duchek Janet M.; Balota David A.; Tse Chi-Shing; Holtzman David M.; Fagan Anne M.; Goate Alison M. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,23(6):746
This study explored differences in intraindividual variability in 3 attention tasks across a large sample of healthy older adults and individuals with very mild dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT). Three groups of participants (healthy young adults, healthy older adults, very mild DAT) were administered 3 experimental measures of attentional selection and switching (Stroop, Simon, task switching). The results indicated that a measure of intraindividual variability, coefficient of variation (CoV; SD/M), increased across age and early stage DAT. The CoV in Stroop discriminated the performance of ε4 carriers from noncarriers in healthy older controls and the CoV in task switching was correlated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers predictive of DAT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
79.
B.B. Maruthi Sridhar Robert K. Vincent Alison L. Spongberg 《The Science of the total environment》2009,407(8):2894-2899
Conventional methods for soil sampling and analysis for soil variability in chemical characteristics are too time-consuming and expensive for multi-seasonal monitoring over large-scale areas. Hence, the objectives of this study are: 1) to determine changes in chemical concentrations of soils that are amended with treated sewage sludge; and 2) to determine if LANDSAT TM data can be used to map surface chemical characteristics of such amended soils. For this study, we selected two fields in NW Ohio, designated as F34 and F11, that had been applied with 34 and 11 ton acre− 1 of biosolids, respectively. Soil samples from a total of 70 sampling locations across the two fields were collected one day prior to LANDSAT 5 overpass and were analyzed for several elemental concentrations. The accumulation of Ba, Cd, Cu, S and P were found to be significantly higher in the surface soils of field F34, compared to field F11. Regression equations were established to search for algorithms that could map these five elemental concentrations in the surface soils using six, dark-object-subtracted (DOS) LANDSAT TM bands and the 15 non-reciprocal spectral ratios derived from these six bands for the May 20, 2005, LANDSAT 5 TM image. Phosphorus (P) had the highest R2 adjusted value (67.9%) among all five elements considered, and the resulting algorithm employed only spectral ratios. This model was successfully tested for robustness by applying it to another LANDSAT TM image obtained on June 5, 2005. Our results enabled us to conclude that LANDSAT TM imagery of bare-soil fields can be used to quantify and map the spatial variation of total phosphorous concentration in surface soils. This research has significant implications for identification and mapping of areas with high P, which is important for implementing and monitoring the best phosphorous management practices across the region. 相似文献
80.
Highhouse Scott; Broadfoot Alison; Yugo Jennifer E.; Devendorf Shelba A. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,94(3):782
The researchers used generalizability theory to examine whether reputation judgments about corporations function in a manner consistent with contemporary theory in the corporate-reputation literature. University professors (n = 86) of finance, marketing, and human resources management made repeated judgments about the general reputations of highly visible American companies. Minimal variability in the judgments is explained by items, time, persons, and field of specialization. Moreover, experts from the different specializations reveal considerable agreement in how they weigh different aspects of corporate performance in arriving at their global reputation judgments. The results generally support the theory of the reputation construct and suggest that stable estimates of global reputation can be achieved with a small number of items and experts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献