A comparison of the extraction capacity of trioctylamine and its radiolytic products dioctylamine and primary octylamine for the elements U(VI), Mo(VI), Zr(IV) and Sr(II)

The percentage extraction of the elements U(VI), Mo(VI), Zr(IV) and Sr(II) from 1–6 M nitric acid by trioctylamine (TOA) and its radiolytic degradation products dioctylamine (DOA) and primary octylamine (POA) in xylene have been measured. TOA and DOA showed similar extraction capacities for Zr(IV), but DOA was less effective than TOA for U(VI) and Mo(VI), Sr(II) was not extracted by any of these amines. These results suggest that the use of the “Zirconium number” is in itself not sufficient when considering the resistance of TOA to radiation.     

Combining Digital Watermarks with Two-Color Bitmap Image

1 Introduction Digital media have made a big progress in the last few years, for the use of the digital media has many advantages compared with the analog media. The digital media are very easy to edit, copy and transmit over the networks. It is possible…     

Chemical Modification of Guaran Gum Part I: Carboxymethylation in Aqueous Medium

Guar gum was isolated from the seeds and subjected to modification via carboxymethylation in aqueous medium. The modification increases its solubility in cold water, and increases the stability of its pastes to microorganisms. Regardless of the DS of these products, their aqueous solutions are characterized by non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour, and their apparent viscosity at a constant rate of shear depends on the DS as well as the measuring temperature.     

Water, Food, and Energy Security: An Elusive Search for Balance in Central Asia

The development and use of water resources in the Amu Darya Basin remain under debate in the face of increasing population and associated scarcities in water, food, and energy. The upstream riparian, the mountain nation of Tajikistan, wishes to develop its hydropower potential. Three downstream states wish to sustain or increase their economic benefits from water used for irrigation. Growing tensions among the riparian countries on the Vakhsh River, a tributary of Amu Darya, have halted development of Tajikistan’s proposed Rogun Dam. This paper examines the potential for mutually beneficial water development and allocation of water resources to sustain demands for water, food, and energy. Using long-term data on the Basin’s energy potential, water supplies, irrigated land, and crop water demands, this paper analyzes total economic welfare for a future 20-year time horizon. Two water supply scenarios for each of two policy choices are examined. Results show that a constrained economic optimization operation of the Dam has the potential to increase farm income for each riparian country, while producing considerable benefits in hydropower for Tajikistan. Political negotiation among the riparian states and much better data will be needed to discover and implement potential gains indicated by this study.     

FPGA-Based Network Traffic Security： Design and Implementation Using C5.0 Decision Tree Classifier

In this work, a hardware intrusion detection system （IDS） model and its implementation are introduced to perform online real-time traffic monitoring and analysis. The introduced system gathers some advantages of many IDSs： hardware based from implementation point of view, network based from system type point of view, and anomaly detection from detection approach point of view. In addition, it can detect most of network attacks, such as denial of services （DOS）, leakage, etc. from detection behavior point of view and can detect both internal and external intruders from intruder type point of view. Gathering these features in one IDS system gives lots of strengths and advantages of the work. The system is implemented by using field programmable gate array （FPGA）, giving a more advantages to the system. A C5.0 decision tree classifier is used as inference engine to the system and gives a high detection ratio of 99.93%.     

A Versatile Method to Fabricate Highly In‐Plane Aligned Conducting Polymer Films with Anisotropic Charge Transport and Thermoelectric Properties: The Key Role of Alkyl Side Chain Layers on the Doping Mechanism

A general method is proposed to produce oriented and highly crystalline conducting polymer layers. It combines the controlled orientation/crystallization of polymer films by high‐temperature rubbing with a soft‐doping method based on spin‐coating a solution of dopants in an orthogonal solvent. Doping rubbed films of regioregular poly(3‐alkylthiophene)s and poly(2,5‐bis(3‐dodecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b ]thiophene) with 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F₄TCNQ) yields highly oriented conducting polymer films that display polarized UV–visible–near‐infrared (NIR) absorption, anisotropy in charge transport, and thermoelectric properties. Transmission electron microscopy and polarized UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy help understand and clarify the structure of the films and the doping mechanism. F₄TCNQ^? anions are incorporated into the layers of side chains and orient with their long molecular axis perpendicular to the polymer chains. The ordering of dopant molecules depends closely on the length and packing of the alkyl side chains. Increasing the dopant concentration results in a continuous variation of unit cell parameters of the doped phase. The high orientation results in anisotropic charge conductivity (σ) and thermoelectric properties that are both enhanced in the direction of the polymer chains (σ = 22 ± 5 S cm^?1 and S = 60 ± 2 µV K^?1). The method of fabrication of such highly oriented conducting polymer films is versatile and is applicable to a large palette of semiconducting polymers.     

Ultrastructure of Felis catus whole fetus (Fcwf-4) cell culture following infection with feline coronavirus

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) consists of two biotypes based on their growth in cell culture and their antigenicity. Infections with FCoV are highly prevalent in the cat population worldwide. In this study, Felis catus whole fetus (Fcwf-4)cell culture was infected with FCoV UPM11C/08. Virus multiplication in cell culture was monitored and examined under the transmission electron microscope. The virus particles revealed the characteristic morphology of feline FCoV represented by envelope viruses surrounded by peplomers. Virus attachment and entry into the cell occurred 15?h post-infection (pi), and the myriad of virus particles were observed both extracellularly and intracellularly after 48?h pi. Thereafter, intracellular virus particles were observed to be present in vacuoles or present freely in the cytoplasm.     

Filter orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing scheme based on polar code in underwater acoustic communication with non-Gaussian distribution noise

The research domain of underwater communication has garnered much interest among researchers exploring underwater activities. The underwater environment differs from the terrestrial setting. Some of the main challenges in underwater communication are limited bandwidth, low data rate, propagation delay, and high bit error rate (BER). As such, this study assessed the underwater acoustic (UWA) aspect and explored the expression of error performance based on t-distribution noise. Filter orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing refers to a new waveform candidate that has been adopted in UWA, along with turbo and polar codes. The empirical outcomes demonstrated that the noise did not adhere to Gaussian distribution, whereas the simulation results revealed that the filter applied in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing could significantly suppress out-of-band emission. Additionally, the performance of the turbo code was superior to that of the polar code by 2 dB at BER 10⁻³.     

Closed‐form expressions for the average channel capacity of the α– μ fading model under different adaptive transmission protocols

In this paper,we consider a small‐scale multipath fading channel following the α– μ generalized fading model distribution.We first derive an expression for the amount of fading () for this channel model to show the generalization attribute of this fading model recently reported in the literature. Then, we derive closed‐form expressions for the average channel capacity considering this channel distribution under different adaptive transmission protocols, namely the simultaneous power and rate adaptation protocol, the optimal rate adaptation with fixed power protocol, and the channel inversion with fixed‐rate protocol. All the obtained expressions are in closed‐form and general expressions that can reduce to other channel capacity expressions that are well‐known and to some others that are not known for Rayleigh, Nakagami‐m, and Weibull, as special cases. The derived expressions in this paper are new and have not been previously reported in the literature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A proposed technique for power extraction from acoustic energy scavenging

In this study, converting acoustic to electric energy was achieved via the Disk Jockey (DJ) model TG5000, which worked as a noise source, and the piezoelectric model 7BB-41–2, which worked as a transducer. We proposed different states of piezoelectric transducer’s mounting on DJ and examined the results to determine the optimum state for maximization of the converted power. We proposed a technique which comprises four stages, and each stage is composed of a piezoelectric transducer followed by a voltage multiplier. The outputs of the four stages were connected in parallel, and these transducers were mounted via their bodies on the slim diaphragm of the acoustic focusing tube. The results indicated that the maximum converted power values were 1.225 mW with a load resistor of 10 kΩ for one stage, 1.089 mW with a load resistor of 10 kΩ for two stages, 1.682 mW with a load resistor of 5 kΩ for three stages, and 5.891mW with a load resistor of 2.2 kΩ for four stages at a sound intensity level of 85 dB and sound wave frequency of 2.1 kHz.