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91.
A political agreement from 2005 stated that an evaluation of the entire Danish energy efficiency policy portfolio must be
carried out before the end of 2008, with the aim to assess the following: (1) Is the policy portfolio sufficient to meet the
energy efficiency targets? (2) Do the policies enable the national goals to be met in a cost-effective manner? (3) Is the
overall design of the policy portfolio appropriate? The evaluation gave recommendations on how to improve and develop the
portfolio, mainly using cost-effectiveness as criteria. The evaluation was completed in December 2008, and this paper presents
the main findings and the subsequent impact on Danish policy. A key lesson learned is the importance of including all energy
efficiency policies in the evaluation. Examining the entire portfolio of policies (as opposed to only selected policies) gave
way to findings that would otherwise not have been captured. With its broad perspective, the evaluation found that the policy
instruments prioritised the commercial and industrial sectors less than the household and public sectors. The recommendations
made by the authors contributed to the implementation of new taxes for the commercial and industrial sectors together with
the reform of the Electricity Saving Trust to a Centre for Energy Savings charged with energy savings within all sectors,
except transport—both which have been important steps towards a more cost-effective solution. 相似文献
92.
J. H. Sjølund D. Peeters E. Lund 《Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization》2018,58(5):1885-1897
In this work, a new thickness parameterization which allows for internal ply-drops without intermediate voids is introduced in the Discrete Material and Thickness Optimization (DMTO) method. With the original DMTO formulation, material had to be removed from the top in order to prevent non-physical intermediate voids in the structure. The new thickness formulation relies on a relation between density variables and ply-thicknesses rather than constitutive properties. This new formulation allows internal ply-drops which is essential for composite structures as it is common practice to cover dropped plies as to avoid delaminations. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how the new thickness formulation in some cases improves the convergence characteristics. Finally, it is also shown how solid-shell elements can be utilized within the DMTO method for structural optimization of tapered laminated composite structures. 相似文献
93.
An integral equation method for solving the eddy-current nondestructive evaluation problem of a flat, rectangular, near surface crack inside of a cylindrical hole in a conducting material is presented. The method involves expanding the Green’s tensor, the incoming field, and the jump in electric potential over the crack in suitable basis functions. Here, plane waves, cylindrical waves, and basis functions related to the Chebyshev polynomials, are used. The way of discretization in this method leads to a formulation where the scattering is defined by a scattering matrix, independent of the incoming field. This presents an advantage, when conducting numerical simulations, since the scattering matrix does not have to be recalculated for every probe position. The numerical calculations are straightforward to perform and model predictions are compared with finite element results. 相似文献
94.
It has recently been pointed out that muscle decomposition influence muscle force estimates in musculoskeletal simulations. We show analytically and with numerical simulations that this influence depends on the recruitment criteria. Moreover, we also show that the proper choices of force normalization factors may overcome the issue. Such factors for the minmax and the polynomial criteria are presented. 相似文献
95.
The naturally occurring mineral ilmenite, FeTiO3, has been examined as oxygen carrier for chemical-looping combustion. NiO-based particles have been used as an additive, in order to examine if it is possible to utilize the catalytic properties of metallic Ni to facilitate decomposition of hydrocarbons into more reactive combustion intermediates such as CO and H2. Firstly, ilmenite was examined by oxidation and reduction experiments in a batch fluidized-bed reactor. These experiments indicated moderate reactivity between ilmenite and CH4, which was used as reducing gas. However, adding 5 wt.% of NiO-based particles to the ilmenite improved the conversion of CH4 greatly, resulting in an increase in combustion efficiency with a factor of 3. Secondly, 83 h of chemical-looping combustion experiments were conducted in a small circulating fluidized-bed reactor, using ilmenite as oxygen carrier and natural gas as fuel. A wide range of process parameters and different levels of NiO addition were examined. Occasionally, there were problems with the circulation of solids between the air reactor and fuel reactor, but most of the time the experiments worked well. The products were mostly CO2, H2O and unconverted CH4. Adding small amounts of NiO-based particles to the reactor increased the conversion of the fuel considerably. For the base case conducted at 900°, the combustion efficiency was 76% for pure ilmenite and 90% for the corresponding experiments with 1 wt.% NiO-based particles added to the reactor. The properties of ilmenite were found to change considerably during operation. Used particles had lower density, were more reactive and more porous than fresh particles. These changes appear to have been physical, and no unexpected chemical phases could be identified. 相似文献
96.
Over the last century many individuals with exceptional memory have been studied and tested in the laboratory. This article studies Chao Lu, who set a Guinness World Record by memorizing 67,890 decimals of pi. Chao Lu’s superior self-paced memorization of digits is shown through analyses of study times and verbal reports to be mediated by mnemonic encoding and retrieval processes. Furthermore, Chao Lu’s development of his superior memory for decimals of pi is consistent with his engagement in thousands of hours of memorization. In contrast to most other studied memorists, who have digit spans over 15 digits, Chao Lu exhibited a digit span in only the normal range. Implications for different types of memorization skills and associated practice activities are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
97.
Large-eddy simulations (LES) and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations of the interaction of the second pulse with the first pulse in a double-injection event are presented in this study. The opposing effects of the turbulence generated by the first pulse to accelerate mixing of the second pulse, and the residual bulk velocity from the first pulse to accelerate penetration of the second pulse are analyzed. The LES results show greater influence of the turbulence whereas the RANS results show greater influence of the bulk velocity. 相似文献
98.
99.
The nature of polymer grafts and substrate shape on the surface degradation of poly(l‐lactide)
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Robertus Wahyu N. Nugroho Karin Odelius Anders Höglund Ann‐Christine Albertsson 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2015,132(47)
Surface grafting of functional polymers is an effective method to alter material properties and degradation behavior. Two different substrate shapes of poly(l ‐lactide) (PLLA), i.e., films and microparticles, were surface‐grafted with hydrophilic monomers, and their surface degradation was monitored. Surface grafting with a hydrophilic and acidic polymer graft [acrylic acid (AA)] induced large alterations in the surface morphology and topography of the films. In contrast, hydrophilic and neutral polymer grafts [acrylamide (AAm)] had no significant effect on the surface degradation behavior, while the PLLA reference and co‐monomeric (AA/AAm) polymer‐grafted samples exhibited intermediate surface degradation rates. The grafted PAA chains induced a local acidic environment on the surface of the substrates, which in turn catalyzed the surface degradation process. This effect was more pronounced in the films than in the microparticles. Thus, the nature of the grafted chains and substrate geometry were shown to affect the surface degradation behavior of PLLA substrates. © 2015 The Authors Journal of Applied Polymer Science Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42736. 相似文献
100.
Heinz E. May T. Born D. Zieger G. Anders S. Zakosarenko V. Meyer H.-G. Schäffel C. 《Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves》2015,36(10):879-895
Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves - Passive submillimeter-wave imaging is a concept that has been in the focus of interest as a promising technology for personal security... 相似文献