Modeling low-frequency electrode-type resistivity tools in invadedthin beds

The authors formulate and implement a numerical mode-matching (NMM) method to model electrode-type resistivity tools in invaded thin beds. The authors derive the low-frequency approximation of the Maxwell's equations to obtain the partial differential equation for the potential field. The new NMM program is validated by comparing the numerical results with those obtained from other dc programs. It is found that this new program is much faster than the program using the finite-element method (FEM), and hence is useful for routine interpretation of resistivity logs and for inversion     

Children's judgments of expected value.

Expected value judgments of 5-, 6-, 8-, and 10-yr-olds were studied by using an information integration approach. Children saw roulette-type games with prizes of crayons. They made judgments in a continuous scale of how happy a puppet playing the game would be. In one task, probability and value of a single winning outcome were varied factorially. All ages took both cues into account. Young children used an additive integration rule, whereas children 8 yrs and older used the multiplying rule as predicted by mathematical theory. A 2nd task contained games with both 1 and 2 alternative prizes. At all ages, data patterns were similar to the normative predictions. Even young children showed some understanding of probability dependence. A serial version of the addition strategy may contribute to advanced performance in the 2-prize task. These results are consistent with conceptual understanding of expected value. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The association of leukocytes with secondary brain injury

Shock increases mortality from brain injuries, but the mechanism is poorly understood. We hypothesized that brain injury followed by shock and resuscitation leads to a secondary reperfusion injury mediated in part by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). To validate this hypothesis, we studied cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), cortical water content (CWC), and hemodynamic variables in a porcine model of focal cryogenic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. Cerebral PMN accumulation (CPMN) in the injured and uninjured hemispheres was determined histologically from the total PMNs in five high-power fields (400x). Twenty-nine mature swine were randomized to four groups. Group 1, the control group, was instrumented only. Group 2 animals had a brain injury alone and were studied for 24 hours. Group 3 animals had a brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. Group 4 animals had hemorrhagic shock alone. Brain injury followed by shock caused a significantly greater ICP and a significantly lower CBF than brain injury or shock alone. There was no significant difference in CPP between groups after resuscitation. The CWC of the lesioned area was similar in both brain-injured groups but was significantly increased when compared with the controls and the shock-only group. The CWC of the nonlesioned hemisphere was higher in group 3 than in group 2. The CPMN in both hemispheres in group 3 was significantly greater than in either group 2 or group 4. There was a significant positive correlation between CPMN and both ICP and CWC, and a significant negative correlation between CPMN and CBF. These data suggest an association between CPMN accumulation and secondary brain injury.     

Detection of serum antibody responses in cattle with natural or experimental Neospora infections

Parasite-specific antibody responses were detected using an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test in cattle that were naturally or experimentally infected with Neospora parasites. The test was developed using Neospora tachyzoites isolated from an aborted bovine fetus and grown in bovine cell cultures (isolate BPA1). In all cases, infections were confirmed by the identification of Neospora tachyzoites and/or bradyzoite cysts in fetal or calf tissues using an immunoperoxidase test procedure. Fifty-five naturally infected cows that aborted Neospora-infected fetuses had titers of 320-5,120 at the time of abortion. The titer of 6 cows that were serologically monitored over a prolonged period decreased to 160-640 within 150 days after they aborted infected fetuses. Two of the cows showed an increase in their Neospora titers during their subsequent pregnancy, and they gave birth to congenitally infected calves that had precolostral titers of 10,240-20,480. Postcolostral titers of these calves and of 4 other calves with congenital Neospora infections were all > or = 5,120, whereas calves with no detectable parasites had titers < or = 160. Two pregnant heifers that were experimentally infected with the BPA1 isolate at approximately 120 days gestation seroconverted to Neospora antigens within 9 days and developed peak titers of 5,120 and 20,480 within 32 days of infection. The fetus taken by caesarean section 32 days postinfection from 1 heifer and the full-term calf born to the other had Neospora titers of 640 and 10,240, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Fine physical mapping of Ph1, a chromosome pairing regulator gene in polyploid wheat

The diploid-like chromosome pairing in polyploid wheat is controlled by the Ph1 (pairing homoeologous) gene that is located on chromosome arm 5BL. By using a combination of cytogenetic and molecular techniques, we report the physical location of the Ph1 gene to a submicroscopic chromosome region (Ph1 gene region) that is flanked by the breakpoints of two deletions (5BL-1 and ph1c) and is marked by a DNA probe (XksuS1). The Ph1 gene region is present distal to the breakpoint of deletion 5BL-1 but proximal to the C-band 5BL2.1. Two other DNA probes (Xpsr128 and Xksu75) flank the region-Xpsr128 being proximal and Xksu75 being distal. The estimated size of the region is less than 3 Mb. The chromosome region around the Ph1 gene is high in recombination as the genetic distance of the region between 5BL-1 breakpoint and C-band 5BL2.1 (not resolved by the microscope) is at least 9.3 cM.     

Laser turn-on delay and chirp noise effects in Gb/sintensity-modulated direct-detection systems

This paper describes a new IM/DD optical transmission system simulation which incorporates the impact of laser diode stochastic turn-on effects on system performance. Using this simulation, experimentally observed error rate floors, due to inappropriate laser diode biasing, can be theoretically modelled and predicted, for the first time     

Dielectric measurements using a rational function model

A recently proposed rational function model for the aperture admittance of 50 ohm Teflon filled coaxial lines in contact with a homogeneous dielectric is experimentally validated. A calibration technique of the automatic network analyzer utilizing standard terminations and time domain gating is used. Uncertainties in the dielectric properties of reference liquids do not enter the calibration procedure. Experimental results for water and methanol are compared with estimated values. A model expression for the sensitivity of the probe is validated. The sensitivities of two coaxial line probes for the measurements made are determined. Results obtained using the new model are compared with those of other workers     

Fast restoration of ATM networks

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is now well recognized as the fundamental switching and multiplexing technique for future broadband ISDN. As these networks will be increasingly relied upon for providing a multitude of integrated voice, data, and video services, network reliability is a key concern. There are several intrinsic features of ATM networks that could potentially be exploited to provide improved restoration techniques, beyond those established for synchronous transfer mode (STM) networks, such as digital cross-connect restoration or self-healing rings. These features include ATM cell level error detection, inherent rate adaptation and nonhierarchical multiplexing. The authors explore the use of these features in developing fast restoration strategies for ATM networks. In particular, they address: (1) ATM error detection capabilities for enhanced failure detection, (2) network rerouting strategies, (3) spare capacity allocation, and (4) network control architecture and related implementation aspects. Their findings suggest that fast network span failure detection and bandwidth-efficient rerouting capabilities can be combined to develop restoration strategies for ATM networks with significantly greater performance-cost ratios when compared to existing STM network restoration strategies