法兰克福茶屋

为了比"负建筑"更进一步设计者想到了"呼吸建筑"。负建筑与环境的关系是被动的,但"呼吸建筑"则能与环境进行互动交流。如果我们屏住呼吸而产生局促感,可能就会感觉建筑变小了。相反,如果我们深呼吸就会有空阔之感,于是就可能感觉建筑变大了,这样就产生了建筑的新动态风格。技术上,使用一种名为Tenara的新膜材料创建出了一个内含空间的双层膜结构。两层膜由聚酯线相连,膜的连接处和线放在600mm的树脂里,使其在膜上只是呈现点状。     

Layered precursors for new zeolitic materials: Synthesis and characterization of B-RUB-39 and its condensation product B-RUB-41

Condensation of layered silicate precursors leads to new, all silica zeolite frameworks. In order to introduce catalytic functionality, boron has been substituted into the silicate layer of RUB-39 in a single step synthesis process. Condensation of the silicate layer to the zeolite framework of RUB-41, RRO framework structure type, preserved B as constituent of the material. Analysis of structural details obtained from Rietveld analysis of powder diffraction data, ¹¹B and ²⁹Si NMR experiments of the as synthesized precursor as well as of the zeolite condensation product, and crystal chemical reasoning indicates segregation of B on one specific T-site. This T-site is buried in the silicate anionic layer of the precursor shielding the additional negative charge introduced by the trivalent T-atom.     

High Intensity p-Ge Tunable Cyclotron Resonance Laser

Abstract

Strong (300 mW) narrow-band stimulated cyclotron resonance emission has been observed from the light holes in germanium in crossed electric and magnetic fields. We have achieved the widest tuning range yet reported for a single sample concentration, in the absence of external stress. A numerical analysis, including non-parabolic and ‘quantum’ effects, has enabled us to evaluate a previous perturbation treatment of the cross-field laser problem.     

Chitin Foils and Coatings Prepared from Ionic Liquids

Chitin and its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, are nontoxic, antibacterial, biodegradable, and biocompatible biopolymers. Due to these properties, they are widely used for biomedical applications such as scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound dressings, separation membranes and antibacterial coatings. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of suitable solvent systems for the direct processing of chitin, e.g., into films and coatings. Such solvents must be nontoxic, noncorrosive, nondegrading, and allow for high chitin concentrations. Here, the potential of designed ionic liquids (IL) as solvents for chitin is outlined. Phosphonium‐ and imidazolium‐based ILs are synthesized, characterized and the influence of the cation on the solution process has been evaluated. It is shown that particularly imidazolium carboxylate‐based ILs are appropriate solvents for chitin and are suitable for the production of foils and coatings on both fabrics and foams.

     

Novel Derivatives of Biogenic α-Aminoacids by ring transformations with lactam derivatives

Binucleophilic biogenic α-aminoacids 1 such as cysteine, penicillamine, serine, and threonine react with lactam acetals 2 by condensation to bridged α-amidinoacids 3 or by condensation/ring transformation to 2-(ω-aminoalkyl)-1,3-azoline-4-carboxylic acids 6. Corresponding reactions with lactim ethers 7 afford analogous α-amidinoacids 8 , condensed imidazolones 10 as their derivatives, ω-aminoalkyl-1,3-azolines 13 and, by further reaction with lactim ether 7 , modified ω-amidinoalkyl-1,3-azolines 14 .     

Synthese substituierter 2-Nitrophenylhydrazone von 2-Oxodicarbonsäureestern und Untersuchung ihres Tautomerie- und Absorptionsverhaltens

Synthesis of Substituted 2-Nitrophenylhydrazones of 2-Oxodicarboxylic Acid Esters and Investigation of Their Tautomerism and Absorption Behaviour 32 Substituted 2-nitrophenylhydrazones of diethyl oxalacetate, 2-oxoglutaric acid and its 1-mono- and 1,5-dialkyl esters, resp., have been synthesized from substituted 2-nitrophenylhydrazines and 4,6-dinitro-1,3-dihydrazinobenzene and the carbonyl compounds named above. ¹H-n.m.r. spectra prove all products to have the constitution of hydrazones and not that of azo compounds or enhydrazines and also allow the assignation of the E- and Z-configuration, resp., to the hydrazone diastereomers. The absorption behaviour of all hydrazones is discussed with comparison of the different substitution patterns. Unexpectedly, the 4,6-dinitro-1,3-bishydrazones 27 – 32 show very high lg ϵ_max values (at about 4.8) due to their crossed two chromophoric systems.     

Transcriptome Analyses of Adipose Tissue Samples Identify EGFL6 as a Candidate Gene Involved in Obesity-Related Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Children

Obesity develops early in childhood and is accompanied by early signs of adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction and metabolic disease in children. In order to analyse the molecular processes during obesity-related AT accumulation in children, we investigated genome-wide expression profiles in AT samples, isolated adipocytes, and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells and assessed their relation to obesity as well as biological and functional AT parameters. We detected alterations in gene expression associated with obesity and related parameters, i.e., BMI SDS, adipocyte size, macrophage infiltration, adiponectin, and/or leptin. While differential gene expression in AT and adipocytes shared an enrichment in metabolic pathways and pathways related to extracellular structural organisation, SVF cells showed an overrepresentation in inflammatory pathways. In adipocytes, we found the strongest positive association for epidermal growth factor-like protein 6 (EGFL6) with adipocyte hypertrophy. EGFL6 was also upregulated during in vitro adipocyte differentiation. In children, EGFL6 expression was positively correlated to parameters of AT dysfunction and metabolic disease such as macrophage infiltration into AT, hs-CRP, leptin levels, and HOMA-IR. In conclusion, we provide evidence for early alterations in AT gene expression related to AT dysfunction in children and identified EGFL6 as potentially being involved in processes underlying the pathogenesis of metabolic disease.     

Nanostructured supported palladium catalysts—Non-oxidative methane coupling

The Pd on α-Al₂O₃ catalysts with Pd particles in the low nanometer range have been prepared by a sonochemical reduction and a colloidal method, respectively. The two catalysts differ in their particle size, the widths of their particle size distributions and the amount of carbon incorporation in the Pd lattice.The adsorptive properties of the Pd/Al₂O₃ samples are different as a result of the different preparation methods. The methane adsorption capacity of that sample with smaller particles is lower than that of the catalyst with larger particles and the energy of activation is nearly doubled. DRIFTS and TPD results of CO adsorption supported by transmission electron microscopy data indicate that the PdSON catalyst with smaller and more homogeneous particles than PdCOL is highly dispersed which influences the coupling-hydrogenolysis process.The catalytic activity evidenced the formation of different adspecies during methane coupling and chemisorption on both catalysts. During the hydrogenation the carbon adspecies formed mainly methane at low adsorption temperatures. The significant amount of adsorbed methane at 773 K is governed by the highly active coordination unsaturated sites at the surface.     

Optimization of the property profile of poly‐L‐lactide by synthesis of PLLA‐polystyrene–block copolymers

Diblock and triblock copolymers of poly‐L ‐lactide (PLLA) and polystyrene (PS) were synthesized and the mechanical properties of these copolymers studied. Free radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of 2‐mercaptoethanol as functional chain transfer agent produced mono‐functionalized PS‐blocks which were used as macroinitiators in the subsequent ring opening polymerization (ROP) of L ‐lactide to produce the diblock copolymers. Furthermore a α‐ω‐bishydroxyl functionalized PS‐block was synthesized by RAFT, which was then engaged as bifunctional initiator for the ROP of L ‐lactide to provide the triblock copolymers PLLA‐PS‐PLLA. Through the copolymerisation and high molar masses, it was possible to achieve an improved mechanical property profile, compared with pure PLLA, or the analogous blends of PLLA and PS. A weight fraction of PS of 10–30% was found to be the optimal range for improving the heat deflection temperature (HDT), as well as mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength or elongation at break. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

The Identification of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol as an Antifungal Metabolite Produced by Cutaneous Bacteria of the Salamander <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plethodon cinereus</Emphasis>

Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant–bacteria–fungi systems were present. Crude extracts of bacteria isolated from salamander skin were exposed to HPLC, UV-Vis, GC-MS, and HR-MS analyses. These investigations show that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is produced by the bacteria isolate Lysobacter gummosus (AB161361), which was found on the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Furthermore, exposure of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (isolate JEL 215), to different concentrations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 8.73 μM, comparable to crude extract concentrations. This study is the first to show that an epibiotic bacterium on an amphibian species produces a chemical that inhibits pathogenic fungi.