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21.
We analyze the impact of social externalities (SEs) on the stability of an international environmental agreement (IEA). We consider a framework in which players are divided into two homogeneous groups, namely, developed and developing countries. We assume that members of an IEA get some additional benefits, to which we refer as SEs. One main result is that any coalition that is internally stable will expand to include all countries, which is related to the minimum participation clause considered in some papers. However, our minimum, which is endogenously defined, is not the largest stable coalition size, but the grand coalition. 相似文献
22.
Narizzano Massimo Pulina Luca Tacchella Armando Vuotto Simone 《Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering》2019,15(3-4):307-323
Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering - Property specification patterns (PSPs) have been proposed to ease the formalization of requirements, yet enable automated verification thereof. In... 相似文献
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Water Resources Management - It is a challenge to develop models that can represent the stochastic behaviour of rivers and basins. Currently used streamflow models were constructed under rigid... 相似文献
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Tom S. Edrington J. Armando Garcia Buitrago G. Robert Hagevoort G.H. Loneragan D.M. Bricta-Harhay Todd R. Callaway Robin C. Anderson David J. Nisbet 《Journal of dairy science》2018,101(10):9266-9274
The objective of the current research was to determine if pasteurization of nonsaleable waste milk influences fecal Salmonella concentrations and prevalence, or antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype of the cultured isolates. Holstein dairy calves (n = 211) were housed on a single commercial dairy in the southwestern United States and randomly allotted to be fed either pasteurized (PWM; n = 128 calves) or nonpasteurized waste milk (NPWM; n = 83 calves). Fecal samples were collected via rectal palpation or from freshly voided, undisturbed fecal pats, weekly during the first 4 wk of the animal's life and then again at weaning. Eight total collections were made and 1,117 fecal samples cultured for Salmonella. One isolate from each culture-positive fecal sample was preserved for antimicrobial susceptibility screening and serotyping. Sixty-nine percent of the fecal samples were culture positive for Salmonella with no difference due to treatment (67.7 and 69% Salmonella positive for PWM and NPWM treatments, respectively). Few fecal samples (178/1,117; 15.9%) contained Salmonella concentrations above the limit of detection (~1 cfu/g of feces) with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 6.46 cfu (log10)/g of feces. Concentration was not affected by treatment. Seventeen different serotypes were identified, the majority of which were Montevideo and Anatum. A greater percentage of Typhimurium (87 vs. 13%), Muenchen (88 vs. 12%), and Derby (91 vs. 9%) were recovered from calves fed PWM compared with NPWM-fed calves. Conversely, Newport (12.5 vs. 86%), Bredeney (22.2 vs. 77.8%), and Muenster (12.5 vs. 87.5%) were lower in PWM compared with NPWM treatments. The majority (66.7%) of isolates were susceptible to all of the antibiotics examined. Results from this one commercial dairy suggest that milkborne Salmonella is not an important vector of transmission in dairy neonates, nor does pasteurization of waste milk influence fecal shedding of this pathogen. Caution should be used, however, when extrapolating results to other farms as Salmonella contamination of milk on farm is well documented. The potential benefits of pasteurization in disease prevention outweigh the potential risks of feeding a nonpasteurized product and warrants incorporation into any calf-rearing program using nonsaleable waste milk for feeding young dairy neonates. 相似文献
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María?Elena?Heras-Ramírez Armando?Quintero-RamosEmail author Alejandro?Alberto?Camacho-Dávila John?Barnard Ricardo?Talamás-Abbud José?Vinicio?Torres-Mu?oz Erica?Salas-Mu?oz 《Food and Bioprocess Technology》2012,5(6):2201-2210
The effects of blanching and drying treatments on stability, physical properties, and antioxidant activity of apple pomace polyphenols were evaluated. Blanched and unblanched apples were extracted, and the pomace was dried in a cabinet dryer at a speed of 3 m/s at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C. The color, total phenolics, flavonoids, individual polyphenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and total antioxidant activity were analyzed. The blanching process caused a major retention in color, total polyphenolic content, and total flavonoid content for fresh apple pomace when compared with fresh unblanched pomace. Drying of either fresh blanched or fresh unblanched pomace caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in total polyphenol and flavonoid content leading to a reduction in the total antioxidant activity. When compared with the unblanched treatment, drying the blanched pomace at 80 °C resulted in a product with significant amounts of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. The individual phenolic compounds were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in blanched pomace that was not dried when compared with unblanched samples. Drying blanched apple pomace did not cause a significant change in the concentration of individual polyphenolic compounds, but drying unblanched apple pomace caused a reduction in the concentrations of epicatechin and caffeic acid, with an important reduction in p-coumaric acid at temperatures higher than 60 °C. However, the drying process caused a significant reduction in the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, a combination of blanching and drying processes for apple pomace results in a product that maintains antioxidant capacity. 相似文献
28.
Catherine Drosou Alberto Coz Nikolaos P. Xekoukoulotakis Armando Moya Yolanda Vergara Dionissios Mantzavinos 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2010,85(8):1049-1053
BACKGROUND: Although chlorination is an effective and widely employed method of water disinfection, it suffers serious drawbacks such as the formation of toxic chlorinated by‐products. Therefore, other disinfection technologies have been researched and developed, including advanced oxidation. RESULTS: The efficacy of heterogeneous photocatalysis and sonophotocatalysis induced by UV‐A irradiation and low frequency (24–80 kHz) ultrasound irradiation in the presence of TiO2 as the photocatalyst and peracetic acid (PAA) as an additional disinfectant to inactivate E. coli in sterile water was evaluated. PAA‐assisted UV‐A/TiO2 photocatalysis generally leads to nearly complete E. coli inactivation in 10–20 min of contact time with the extent of inactivation depending on the photocatalyst type and loading (in the range 100–500 mg L?1) and PAA concentration (in the range 0.5–2 mg L?1). The simultaneous application of ultrasound and UV‐A irradiation in the presence of TiO2 and PAA prompted further E. coli inactivation. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed advanced disinfection technology offers complete E. coli inactivation at short treatment times and low PAA doses. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
29.
Daniel Fernández-Quiroz Jorge Loya-Duarte Erika Silva-Campa Waldo Argüelles-Monal Andre-í Sarabia-Sainz Armando Lucero-Acuña Teresa del Castillo-Castro Julio San Román Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza Alexel J. Burgara-Estrella Beatriz Castaneda Diego Soto-Puebla Martín Pedroza-Montero 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2019,136(32):47831
This work describes the preparation of thermosensitive chitosan-graft-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) nanoparticles by ionic gelation and their potential use as a controlled drug delivery system, using doxorubicin as a model drug. A systematic study of the effect of the main processing parameters on both the size and thermoresponsive behavior of nanoparticles was investigated. The size of the particles is strongly dependent on the length of the poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) grafted chains and the concentration of the copolymer and crosslinking agent solutions. The molecular structure of the copolymer plays an essential role in the phase transition temperature of the particles, which decreases with the length of PVCL grafted chain. The system displayed proper drug-association parameters, and the drug-loaded nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity. A significant increase in the doxorubicin delivery rate was observed above the phase transition temperature (40 °C). These features indicate that these nanoparticles are suitable for the development of a new thermally controlled anti-cancer drug delivery system. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47831. 相似文献
30.
DellaGreca M Isidori M Lavorgna M Monaco P Previtera L Zarrelli A 《Journal of chemical ecology》2004,30(4):867-879
Twenty-five 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes, four phenanthrenes, a dihydrodibenzoxepin, and a pyrene, isolated from the wetland plant Juncus acutus, were tested to detect their effects on the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Nine of the compounds were isolated and identified for the first time. Most of the compounds caused inhibition of algal growth. The 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes 1, 5, 21, and 22 were the most active. 相似文献