Effect of waste milk pasteurization on fecal shedding of Salmonella in preweaned calves

The objective of the current research was to determine if pasteurization of nonsaleable waste milk influences fecal Salmonella concentrations and prevalence, or antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype of the cultured isolates. Holstein dairy calves (n = 211) were housed on a single commercial dairy in the southwestern United States and randomly allotted to be fed either pasteurized (PWM; n = 128 calves) or nonpasteurized waste milk (NPWM; n = 83 calves). Fecal samples were collected via rectal palpation or from freshly voided, undisturbed fecal pats, weekly during the first 4 wk of the animal's life and then again at weaning. Eight total collections were made and 1,117 fecal samples cultured for Salmonella. One isolate from each culture-positive fecal sample was preserved for antimicrobial susceptibility screening and serotyping. Sixty-nine percent of the fecal samples were culture positive for Salmonella with no difference due to treatment (67.7 and 69% Salmonella positive for PWM and NPWM treatments, respectively). Few fecal samples (178/1,117; 15.9%) contained Salmonella concentrations above the limit of detection (～1 cfu/g of feces) with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 6.46 cfu (log₁₀)/g of feces. Concentration was not affected by treatment. Seventeen different serotypes were identified, the majority of which were Montevideo and Anatum. A greater percentage of Typhimurium (87 vs. 13%), Muenchen (88 vs. 12%), and Derby (91 vs. 9%) were recovered from calves fed PWM compared with NPWM-fed calves. Conversely, Newport (12.5 vs. 86%), Bredeney (22.2 vs. 77.8%), and Muenster (12.5 vs. 87.5%) were lower in PWM compared with NPWM treatments. The majority (66.7%) of isolates were susceptible to all of the antibiotics examined. Results from this one commercial dairy suggest that milkborne Salmonella is not an important vector of transmission in dairy neonates, nor does pasteurization of waste milk influence fecal shedding of this pathogen. Caution should be used, however, when extrapolating results to other farms as Salmonella contamination of milk on farm is well documented. The potential benefits of pasteurization in disease prevention outweigh the potential risks of feeding a nonpasteurized product and warrants incorporation into any calf-rearing program using nonsaleable waste milk for feeding young dairy neonates.     

Discussion between alternative processing and preservation technologies and their application in beverages: A review

The alternative technologies discussed in this review are able to eliminate pathogenic bacteria while retaining bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, phenols, pigments, and vitamins, improve the extraction processes of fruit or vegetable juices. The use of nonthermal processing technologies in beverages might provide a higher quality value to the final product and consumers tended to prefer more natural products with minimum preservative substances. This review is analyze and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of alternative technologies applied in beverages, evaluating the parameters that can optimize beverage processing such as time, temperature, pressure, frequency, tension, among others. Additionally, finding solutions to beverage processing issues will be considered analyzing the results obtained with other applied methods, and an overview of new strategies such as microfiltration or the combination of two alternative technologies to improve the quality of the final product will also be evaluated.

Practical applications

The applications of alternative technologies mentioned in this article, are a feasible option for the preservation of beverages in the area of industry. The capacity of each of them has been demonstrated, in addition to the use of microfiltration and ultrafiltration, but the combination between them sounds very encouraging to achieve the quality and safety of beverages, with an extended shelf life and greater protection of its main components. This provides a wide range of research opportunities for any type of beverage.     

Controlled release matrices and micro/nanoparticles of chitosan with antimicrobial potential: development of new strategies for microbial control in agriculture

The control of micro‐organisms responsible for pre‐ and postharvest diseases of agricultural products, mainly viruses and fungi, is a problem that remains unresolved, together with the environmental impact of the excessive use of chemicals to tackle this problem. Current efforts are focused on the search for efficient alternatives for microbial control that will not result in damage to the environment or an imbalance in the existing biota. One alternative is the use of natural antimicrobial compounds such as chitosan, a linear cationic biopolymer, which is biodegradable, biocompatible and non‐toxic, has filmogenic properties and is capable of forming matrices for the transport of active substances. The study of chitosan has attracted great interest owing to its ability to form complexes or matrices for the controlled release of active compounds such as micro‐ and nanoparticles, which, together with the biological properties of chitosan, has allowed a major breakthrough in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Another important field of study is the development of chitosan‐based matrices for the controlled release of active compounds in areas such as agriculture and food for the control of viruses, bacteria and fungi, which is one of the least exploited areas and holds much promise for future research. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Blanching and Drying Temperature on Polyphenolic Compound Stability and Antioxidant Capacity of Apple Pomace

The effects of blanching and drying treatments on stability, physical properties, and antioxidant activity of apple pomace polyphenols were evaluated. Blanched and unblanched apples were extracted, and the pomace was dried in a cabinet dryer at a speed of 3 m/s at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C. The color, total phenolics, flavonoids, individual polyphenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and total antioxidant activity were analyzed. The blanching process caused a major retention in color, total polyphenolic content, and total flavonoid content for fresh apple pomace when compared with fresh unblanched pomace. Drying of either fresh blanched or fresh unblanched pomace caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in total polyphenol and flavonoid content leading to a reduction in the total antioxidant activity. When compared with the unblanched treatment, drying the blanched pomace at 80 °C resulted in a product with significant amounts of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. The individual phenolic compounds were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in blanched pomace that was not dried when compared with unblanched samples. Drying blanched apple pomace did not cause a significant change in the concentration of individual polyphenolic compounds, but drying unblanched apple pomace caused a reduction in the concentrations of epicatechin and caffeic acid, with an important reduction in p-coumaric acid at temperatures higher than 60 °C. However, the drying process caused a significant reduction in the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, a combination of blanching and drying processes for apple pomace results in a product that maintains antioxidant capacity.     

Brazil nuts: Benefits and risks associated with contamination by fungi and mycotoxins

The monotypic type genus Bertholletia produces commercially nutritionally harvested edible seeds, Brazil nuts. It is an important product from the Amazon forest in the food production chain, with a 2008 annual world production of 78,000 tonnes, being Brazil responsible for approximately 40% of it. Although there are beneficial nutritional properties, the prevailing mycobiota of Brazil nuts include fungi that are producers of aflatoxins, such as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. Aflatoxins have deleterious effects in consumption considering the global distribution chain, affecting major exporting countries. The present review is focused on the importance of Brazil nuts for the Amazon rainforest, emphasizing on the social and environmental impact of its production, on the mycobiota contamination of seeds, and on the presence of mycotoxins and related food safety aspects.     

The power law relationship between citation impact and multi-authorship patterns in articles in Information Science &amp; Library Science journals

The aim of this paper is to extend the conversation about the correlation between collaboration and citation impact in articles in Information Science & Library Science journals by analyzing this correlation’s behavior using a power scaling law approach. 28,131 articles that received 215,693 citations were analyzed. The number of these articles that were published through collaboration accounts for 69%. In general, the scaling exponent of multi-authored articles, both international and domestic, increases over time while the exponent of single-authored papers decreases. The citation impact and collaboration patterns exhibit a power law correlation with a scaling exponent of 1.34 ± 0.02. Citations to multi-authored articles increased \(2^{1.34}\) or 2.53 times each time the number of multi-authored papers doubled. The Matthew Effect is stronger for multi-authored papers than for single-authored. The scaling exponent for the power law relationship of domestic multi-authored papers was 1.35 ± 0.02. The citations to domestic multi-authored articles increased \(2^{1.35}\) or 2.55 times each time the number of domestic multi-authored articles doubled. Contrary to previous studies we found that the Matthew Effect is stronger for domestic multi-authored papers than for international multi-authored ones.     

Towards a Sustainable Green Design for Next-Generation Networks

Recently distributed real-time database systems are intended to manage large volumes of dispersed data. To develop distributed real-time data processing, a reality and stay competitive well defined protocols and algorithms must be required to access and manipulate the data. An admission control policy is a major task to access real-time data which has become a challenging task due to random arrival of user requests and transaction timing constraints. This paper proposes an optimal admission control policy based on deep reinforcement algorithm and memetic algorithm which can efficiently handle the load balancing problem without affecting the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. A Markov decision process (MDP) is formulated for admission control problem, which provides an optimized solution for dynamic resource sharing. The possible solutions for MDP problem are obtained by using reinforcement learning and linear programming with an average reward. The deep reinforcement learning algorithm reformulates the arrived requests from different users and admits only the needed request, which improves the number of sessions of the system. Then we frame the load balancing problem as a dynamic and stochastic assignment problem and obtain optimal control policies using memetic algorithm. Therefore proposed admission control problem is changed to memetic logic in such a way that session corresponds to individual elements of the initial chromosome. The performance of proposed optimal admission control policy is compared with other approaches through simulation and it depicts that the proposed system outperforms the other techniques in terms of throughput, execution time and miss ratio which leads to better QoS.

     

Antioxidant activity of grapefruit seed extract on vegetable oils

The antioxidant activities of a grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) which contains tocopherols, citric acid and ascorbic acid, were investigated in vegetable oils. Different amounts of GFSE in powder were dissolved in a mixture of soybean oil–sunflower oil. The oxidation was carried out in an AOM equipment at temperatures of 98·7°C, 75°C and 66·5°C. The results indicated prooxidant effects of GFSE at 97·8°C and 75°C possibly due to a blockade effect of a hydroxyl compound by tocopherol. The inhibitor reaction orders at these temperatures were 0·902 and 0·465, respectively, while at 66·5°C the oxidation rate was inverse to GFSE concentration with reaction order of −0·420. These results seem to indicate different reaction mechanisms depending on temperature conditions. The blockade effects were explained on the basis of a proposed complex between tocopherol and citric acid molecules. © 1998 SCI.