Calculation by the Method of Finite Differences of the Temperature Distribution in Layered Tissues

A numerical approach to obtain the temperature distribution in layered tissues with thermal source and cooling inside the tissues is presented in this paper. This approach can be applied to problems with a distributed internal thermal source produced by external radiation such as microwave, ultrasound, and shortwave, or by internal increase of metabolic rate in live subjects. The exact mechanism of cooling is not discussed here, but it is assumed to be due to blood flow in vivo. The calculation of the temperature distribution in layered tissues is based on a linear model of the tissues that consists of several layers of different kinds of tissues separated by parallel boundaries. Some simple mathematical forms of the cooling functions are also assumed in this paper. The results obtained agree well with six available experiments.     

"Role playing and interpersonal-conflict reduction": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Arthur C. Bohart (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1977[Jan], Vol 24[1], 15-24). On page 18, there is an error in the degrees of freedom for the F test for planned comparisons. The value given for the second degree of freedom is 72. Depending upon the specific comparison concerned, the actual degrees of freedom varied between 37 and 39. Please note that all of the significance levels are correct as originally reported. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1977-13150-001.) 80 female undergraduates attempted to resolve personal anger conflicts by participating in short counseling-analog sessions. Each S used 1 of 4 procedures: role play, discharge, intellectual analysis, or control. It was hypothesized that role play, which provides opportunity for both intellectual insight and emotional experience, would be more effective than discharge, which de-emphasizes insight, and intellectual analysis, which de-emphasizes emotional experience. E. T. Gendlin's (1969) focusing scale, a measure of the degree to which people can use their emotional experience facilitatively, was also administered. It was predicted that high-focusing role-play Ss would show the most reduction of anger and conflict (Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List). On the whole, role play was the most effective procedure for reducing anger, hostile attitudes, and behavioral aggression. None of the predictions on focusing were borne out. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

How social psychology can succeed: A response to Silverman.

I. Silverman's (see record 1979-03511-001) argument that social psychology should focus more on long term, high impact studies is considered correct but insufficient to resolve the widespread dissatisfaction in the field. It is suggested that social psychologists share an understanding of the field that is broader than the understanding implicit in their research. Some examples are offered in which the broader approach can build on existing strengths to revitalize the field. (French summary) (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Military psychology in the United States of America.

"Between World War I and World War II, there was almost no interest of American psychologists in military problems, perhaps because there was almost no interest of the military in gaining the assistance of psychologists." The 1948 APA Directory identifies 98 psychologists as working for the Departments of Defense, Army, Air Force, or Navy. "This represents about 2% of the 5,047 members of the APA at that time. In the 1957 APA Directory, I have counted 729 psychologists who are listed as working for agencies of the military departments." This represents "almost 5% of the 15,000 members listed in the 1957 APA Directory." Various branches of military psychology within the Army, the Navy, and the Air Forces are indicated "to give appropriate emphasis to the great diversity of uses to which psychologists are put and to the consequently great variety of projects these agencies must, by their very titles and associations, engender." It also provides a statement "about how military psychology is organized within the Armed Forces in the States." The roles of the psychologist in military personnel management and in weapons development are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Choice and chance relative deprivation as determinants of cognitive dissonance.

While the limits of conditions that create dissonance may be greater than those stipulated by Festinger (see 32: 347), just where these limits lie is not yet known. An experiment was designed to reveal whether: (a) a chance event can affect the magnitude of dissonance, and (b) the effect of such a chance event depends upon there having been a prior choice in commitment to the event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Electrodialysis on the American continent

The Electrodialysis process has been used commercially in the United States to desalt brackish waters for over twenty years. The first municipal installation in Coalinga, California, was commissioned in 1959. The first plant continuously used to produce the total water supply for a community was installed in Buckeye, Arizona, in 1962.

Development of the Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) process in the early 1970's resulted in a system featuring reduced operation and maintenance due to the elimination of the need to continuously feed acids and chemicals. This process is in use in typical municipal applications in Dell City, Texas, and Coupeville, Washington, along with industrial applications in electronics manufacture. Safe drinking waters are produced by EDR units at a number of highway rest and service areas.

Research and development in electrodialysis is sponsored by Corporate and Government funding. New membrane systems, membrane stack design and applications are under study. High temperature membranes and spacers have been developed for use in a 100,000 gpd seawater desalting system now being assembled for test. The combination of solar electric power and electrodialysis is also under study for use in purifying water in remote locations.

The application of electrodialysis to the treatment of brackish water has grown significantly over the past seven years. Improvements in system reliability, combined with a lowering of operating and maintenance costs resulting from new developments in equipment and technology, should enable electrodialysis applications to continue to grow in the future     

Self-administered aversive stimulation with hallucinating hospitalized schizophrenics.

Randomly assigned 45 hospitalized hallucinating veterans to 3 groups. Ss in the self-shock group carried a box on the belt which gave shock upon pressing a plunger, while Ss in the placebo group carried a box which gave no shock. The no-treatment group received only the pre- and post-evaluations which were given all Ss. Measures included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and an abbreviated form of the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale. All groups showed significant decreases in hallucinating over a 2-wk period. No significant differences between groups were found. It is concluded that expectation was the primary agent of change, and conscious cognitive factors seemed central to the improvement. (20 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to McNemar.

Corrections made by the present author (see record 1970-05886-001) for suggested spuriousness in Q. McNemar's (see record 1951-05872-001) formula for determining the validity of a short form of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale were rejected by McNemar (see record 1974-24264-001) as being based on fallacious reasoning. The present author replies that correlated errors responsible for the spurious correlation given by McNemar's formula affect only the covariance, not the variances, of the full scale and the short form. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Legitimacy for what?

Asserts that J. Sawyer's (1970) plea for greater representativeness in the American Psychological Association (APA) membership attempts to change the purpose of the APA. The goals of a scientific-professional organization cannot be mixed with goals that would benefit a particular sex, race, creed, or political viewpoint. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dimensions of the relationship between the Black client and the White therapist.

Discusses the psychological issues involved in having White therapists treat Black clients. The topics examined are the importance of the White therapist understanding his or her own feelings, countertransference, the detrimental effect of therapist guilt, and the impact of the therapist's need to be powerful. Also explored are the need for awareness of client–therapist interpersonal similarity and the need for an understanding of our social system for effective psychotherapy. Concrete suggestions are offered for helping therapists deal more effectively with Black clients. The White therapist–Black client relationship is proposed as a paradigm of how people with differing values learn to help each other. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)