Design of Concentric Circular Antenna Array with Central Element Feeding Using Particle Swarm Optimization with Constriction Factor and Inertia Weight Approach and Evolutionary Programing Technique

In this paper the maximum sidelobe level (SLL) reductions without and with central element feeding in various designs of three-ring concentric circular antenna arrays (CCAA) are examined using a real-coded Evolutionary Programming (EP) to finally determine the global optimal three-ring CCAA design. Standard real-coded Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and real-coded Particle Swarm Optimization with Constriction Factor and Inertia Weight Approach (PSOCFIWA) are also employed for comparative optimization but both prove to be suboptimal. This paper assumes non-uniform excitation weights and uniform spacing of excitation elements in each three-ring CCAA design. Among the various CCAA designs, the design containing central element and 4, 6 and 8 elements in three successive concentric rings proves to be such global optimal design set with global minimum SLL (−39.66 dB) as determined by Evolutionary Programming.     

Calculation of Channel Capacity Considering the Effect of Different Seasons for Higher Altitude Platform System

This paper presents effect of the weather impairments on a high altitude platform (HAP) broadband wireless communication system. It is shown that attenuation due to oxygen, water vapor, fog, cloud, and rain has significant effect on a radio link which is operating in a millimeter frequency range. Channel capacity is calculated for different seasons using Shannon’s channel capacity theorem. The location of HAP is taken to be Delhi (India). Further, it is considered that a user and the HAP platform are stationary.     

Nth order current mode universal filter using MOCCCIIs

This article presents a new current mode single-input-multiple-output nth order universal filter. The proposed circuit employs (n + 1) number multiple output second generation current conveyors and n number grounded capacitors only. Presented circuits can realize current mode low pass, high pass, band pass, notch and all pass responses simultaneously at different high output impedance terminals. The current mode filter circuit provides low input impedance by selecting the proper value of bias current and also has high output impedance, which is suitable for cascading. The circuit offers some important features such as resistor less realization, no passive component matching constraints, low sensitivity, electronic tunability and active-C realization. The functionality of the proposed filter circuit is tested with the PSPICE simulation, which is found to agree well with the proposed theory.     

2.75-4.75 GHz QPSK modulator with low amplitude and phase errors

A QPSK modulator with a 2.75-4.75 GHz operating frequency range is presented. The modulator is realised using a broadband power divider, microstrip-slotline-microstrip transitions and Lange couplers. Computer optimised matching circuits are used to maintain a phase error less than 5 degrees and an amplitude phase imbalance error across the band of less than 0.5 dB. The modulator is suitable for MMIC implementation.<>     

Salt-and-pepper noise removal by adaptive median-based lifting filter using second-generation wavelets

In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive median-based lifting filter for image de-noising which has been corrupted by homogeneous salt and pepper noise. The median-based lifting filter removes the noise of the input image by calculating the median of the neighboring significant pixels. The algorithm for image noise removal uses the lifting scheme of the second-generation wavelets in conjunction with the proposed adaptive median-based lifting filter. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. The proposed algorithm is compared with all the basic filters, and it is found that our method outperforms many other algorithms and it can remove salt and pepper noise with a noise level as high as 90%. The algorithm works exceedingly well for all levels of noise, as illustrated in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM) measures.     

A theoretical study of the performance of sub-micron MOSFET devices in the presence of edge potential

In the present communication we have presented a detailed theoretical analysis of the performance of the sub-micron device in the presence of the discontinuity at the Si–SiO₂ interface. It is assumed that due to interface discontinuity a potential develops at the edges (Source/Drain) in addition to the built-in-potential. This potential, called Edge Potential, measures directly the extent of the interface roughness. The effect of this potential is more critical in the case of short channel device where drain and source are in close proximity. Our analysis shows that the discontinuity is dominant at the edges but not in the channel. Drive current as well as saturation transconductance decreases in the presence of edge potential. These results suggest that the performance of the device degrades due to the interface roughness. Effect of interface roughness near the edges can be reduced at high gate voltage but it will result more interface roughness scattering.     

Formulae for determining heterodyne system spurious frequencies that coincide with desired output frequency

In this paper, formulae to determine the lowest order and other higher order spurious frequencies that coincide with desired output signal frequencies of mixers have been derived. The proposed formulae give general expressions that are suitable for any order of heterodyne mixing. The formulae have been verified using a suitable example and compared with the simulation results obtained through the radio frequency simulation software of Advanced Design System. The formulae directly reveal the order of the troublesome spurious frequencies that the designers would encounter in heterodyne systems. In comparison with these direct formulae, the results of existing spurious analysis software are based on the maximum order of simulation carried out. Based on these simulations, the coinciding spurious components have to be manually sorted out. Proposed formulae are quick tools used by the microwave system and circuit designers for choosing and finalizing heterodyne frequencies in their designs without the need for any simulations.