Changes in carotenoid intake in the United States: the 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys

OBJECTIVES: To assess the changes in carotenoid intake between 1987 and 1992 among US adults by sociodemographic characteristics and high-risk groups for chronic disease; and to identify the dietary sources of specific carotenoid intake. DESIGN: A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was collected from a representative sample of respondents to the 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys throughout two calendar quarters. Black and white adults, 18 to 69 years old, participated in 1987 (n = 8,161) and 1992 (n = 8,341). METHOD: FFQ data were matched and linked to the US Department of Agriculture-National Cancer Institute carotenoid food composition database for analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Mean differences in carotenoid intake over time were compared by sociodemographic characteristics and region of the country, after adjustment for sampling weights in a multiple linear regression model. RESULTS: Mean intake of the carotenoid lutein declined among white women (18%), among adults aged 40 to 69 years (16%), among persons with 9 to 12 years of education (11%), among nondrinkers (18%), among drinkers of 1 to 6 alcoholic drinks/ week (7%), among smokers (former smokers by 11%, current smokers by 7%, and never smokers by 9%), among income groups (< $20,000 by 7%, > or = $20,000 by 9%), and residents in the south and northeast (by 13% each, respectively). Mean intake of the carotenoid lycopene increased among white men (9%), among adults aged 18 to 39 years and aged 40 to 69 years (by 5% and 6%, respectively), among those with 13 years of education or more (12.5%), among alcohol drinkers (by 10% and 7% for 1 to 6 vs 7 or more drinks/week, respectively), among former and current smokers (by 6% each), among those with incomes > or = $20,000 (8%), and among residents in the west (16%) and midwest (5%). All differences described were statistically significant (P < .01). APPLICATION: The decline in lutein intake (from dark green leafy vegetables), particularly in white women, may have public health implications as a result of the recognized inverse association between carotenoid intake and disease risk.     

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on infarct collagen deposition and remodelling during healing after transmural canine myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition for six weeks after myocardial infarction (MI) lowers the collagen content of infarct scars in dogs. However, temporal changes in collagen content of the infarct zone (IZ) with ACE inhibition during healing over six weeks after MI and their possible relation to IZ remodelling have not been determined. METHODS: IZ collagen (hydroxyproline) was measured over six to seven weeks in dogs treated with captopril (50 mg bid), enalapril (2.5 mg bid) or placebo, beginning on the second day following transmural anterior MI (or sham). In vivo changes in IZ and global left ventricular (LV) remodelling, mass and function (echocardiograms) and hemodynamics among six-week survivors were also measured. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, both inhibitors decreased IZ collagen (P < 0.001) over the seven weeks. Among the six-week survivors, both inhibitors lowered IZ collagen (P < or = 0.001) and increased the collagen type I:III ratio. However, preload was lower, increase in diastolic volume and mass were less and systolic function improved. Although the doses of captopril (but no enalapril) decreased afterload, inhibition of IZ collagen was less, IZ bulging and global LV dilation were less and systolic function was better with captopril than with enalapril. In all three MI groups, deaths over the seven weeks correlated with greater infarct size, LV volume and dysfunction and lower IZ collagen. CONCLUSIONS: ACE inhibition suppresses the temporal increase in IZ collagen and attenuates IZ expansion, thinning and bulging, and LV enlargement and aneurysm formation during healing after MI.     

DPL激光器光束质量研究

利用扭转模获取高光束质量种籽源的同时,进行了高功率二极管均匀泵浦聚光腔设 计,研究相位共轭镜用于改善MOPA激光系统光束质量诸特性。最终获得了重复频率40Hz、单脉冲能量大于400mJ、近衍射极限的高光束质量激光输出。     

声波-变密度测井影响因素分析

文章从仪器刻度、仪器居中性、微环空、候凝时间、流体环厚度、快地层、双层套管等7方面对声波-变密度测井影响因素进行了分析，认识了各因素对声波信号的影响规律，为准确的测井解释提供了保证。     

三维绕障定向井设计方法

随着油气田加密井的不断增加，加密定向井的设计变得越来越困难。为此，针对密井网的特点，通过对密井网障碍井空间位置和空间形态的描述，经过坐标转换，建立了适合于密井网三维绕障定向井设计的双图设计法设计模型。该方法的特点是将垂直剖面图和障碍水平投影图联合使用，分别研究出障碍物的区间和可行域范围。同时充分考虑了障碍物的数量、形状及位置，可绕多障、复杂形状的井，具有一定的通用性。根据以上方法，应用Delphi语言和OpenGL编写了软件，对绕障定向井进行了实际计算，设计效果良好。     

气流粉碎设备的发展

介绍了目前气流粉碎设备发展的基本情况,并且对几种机型的性能进行了评价。分析了影响工艺性能的几个工艺参数,提出我国气流粉碎设备的发展方向。     

基于3S技术的大型露天矿区复垦地景观变化分析

以平朔安太堡露天煤矿复垦区的5个排土场为研究对象，运用景观生态学理论及3S技术，把复垦后按照植被覆盖和地形特征划分的斑块与排土场建设时期的斑块进行了对比分析.结果表明：斑块个数及其平均斑块面积反映了复垦地景观的破碎化程度，随着复垦时间的增加，斑块数目也不同程度地增加，复垦时间较长的二铺排土场、南排土场、西排土场的多样性指数有较大提高，稳定性指数除二铺排土场和南排土场有所降低外，其它排土场的变化不显著，景观优势度指数的高低与平均斑块面积的大小显著相关.破碎化程度的增高也表明了复垦地的植被演替与恢复过程的多样性在不断增加.结合研究区调查情况分析表明，排土场复垦地景观的变化是非均匀沉降、地表覆土厚度与下垫层类型、植被配置与演替以及管理措施等因素综合影响的结果，斑块数目、平均斑块面积、分维数、多样性、优势度等景观指数能较好地反映出复垦地景观结构及其变化.     

人才强市是矿城转型的战略性决策——以铜城白银市为例

本文在对矿业城市白银的人才进行分析的基础上,剖析了其存在的一些问题和导致这些问题产生的主要原因,其中重点提到人才分布不合理,结构性矛盾比较突出,高层次人才匮乏,并提出了相应对策建议。     

企业有效实施全面预算管理的探讨

全面预算管理是现代公司建设中的一个系统工程，是一种具有统合作用的制度安排，与单纯的企业管理相比，全面预算管理关注的重点从经营结果（利润预算）延伸到经营过程（业务预算），并扩展到经营质量（资产负债预算和现金流量预算）。因此，全面预算管理是控制公司经济运行，真正实现经营目标的管理机制。推广和应用全面预算管理，有利于企业建立一个自我激励、自我约束、自我完善、自我发展的现代企业制度，是管理者在新形势下的必然选择。