制革生态学(续四)

3 .2　Dyeing3.2 .1　DyesandpigmentsBASFsuppliesarangeofpowderandliquiddyesundertheLuganil andLurazol trademarksfordrumdyeingofleather.ThemajorityoftheLuganil andLurazol dyesareanionicazodyesormetalcomplexdyes.Certainspecialproductsroundofftherange .Lura zol BlackPLiquidisametal freeblackpigmentinaqueousdispersion ,whichcanbeappliedincon junctionwithdyes.LeatherBlackVMLiquidisacationicdye.TheLuganil andLurazol rangescontainalargenumberofchromaticdyes,andmanydiffer entshadesofblackandbro…     

Automated DNA preparation from maize tissues and food samples suitable for real-time PCR detection of native genes

There is an increasing need for high-throughput analyses of plants and food samples for the presence of specific DNA sequences, e.g. transgenic contaminations. We developed and optimized conditions for the automated isolation of DNA from several maize tissues and various edibles containing maize using the MagNA Pure LC system (Roche Applied Science). Our results show that the system provided is capable of isolating DNA from any tested source. Quantification of an endogenous gene by LightCycler real-time PCR revealed that the DNA is suitable in quality and quantity for multiple PCR analyses.     

制革生态学(续六)

4 Finishing The purpose of finishing leather is to improve its serviceability by protecting it from damage by water, soil and mechanical action. Finishing modifies the shade, gloss and handle of the leather, improves its physical properties such as its lightfasthess and rubfastness, and hides any defects and     

Synthesis of Allylarenes via Catalytic Decarboxylation of Allyl Benzoates

A catalyst system consisting of the palladium(0) complex Pd₂(dba)₃ and tri(p‐tolyl)phosphine was found to efficiently promote the decarboxylation of allyl benzoates with formation of allylarenes. This catalytic C O activation followed by extrusion of carbon dioxide and C C bond formation represents a sustainable alternative to traditional waste‐intensive cross‐couplings. The scope of the transformation includes allyl and cinnamyl esters of various ortho‐substituted benzoic acids. For particularly activated substrates, the palladium catalyst can optionally be replaced by an inexpensive nickel complex.

     

Dissolved organic carbon enhances the mass transfer of hydrophobic organic compounds from nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) into the aqueous phase

The hypothesis that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) enhances the mass transfer of hydrophobic organic compounds from nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) into the aqueous phase above that attributable to dissolved molecular diffusion alone was tested. In controlled experiments, mass transfer rates of five NAPL-phase PAHs (log K(OW) 4.15-5.39) into the aqueous phase containing different concentrations of DOC were measured. Mass transfer rates were increased by up to a factor of 4 in the presence of DOC, with the greatest enhancement being observed for more hydrophobic compounds and highest DOC concentrations. These increases could not be explained by dissolved molecular diffusion alone, and point to a parallel DOC-mediated diffusive pathway. The nature of the DOC-mediated diffusion pathway as a function of the DOC concentration and PAH sorption behavior to the DOC was investigated using diffusion-based models. The DOC-enhanced mass transfer of NAPL-phase hydrophobic compounds into the aqueous phase has important implications for their bioremediation as well as bioconcentration and toxicity.     

A Novel Buffering Technique for Aqueous Processing of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures and Interfaces,and Corresponding Improvement of Electrodeposited ZnO‐Cu2O Photovoltaics

A novel buffering method is presented to improve the stability of zinc oxide processed in aqueous solutions. By buffering the aqueous solution with a suitable quantity of sacrificial zinc species, the dissolution of functional zinc oxide structures and the formation of unwanted impurities can be prevented. The method is demonstrated for ZnO films and nanowires processed in aqueous solutions used for the selective etching of mesoporous anodic alumina templates and the electrochemical deposition of Cu₂O. In both cases, improved ZnO stability is observed with the buffering method. ZnO‐Cu₂O heterojunction solar cells (bilayer and nanowire cells) synthesized using both traditional and buffered deposition methods are characterized by impedance spectroscopy and solar simulation measurements. Buffering the Cu₂O deposition solution is found to reduce unwanted recombination at the heterojunction and improve the photovoltaic performance.     

Robust FIPP p-cycles against dual link failures

We propose a new generic flow formulation for Failure-Independent Path-Protecting (FIPP) p-cycles subject to multiple failures. While our new model resembles the decomposition model formulation proposed by Orlowski and Pioro (Networks, 2011) in the case of classical shared path protection, its originality lies in its adaptation to FIPP p-cycles. When adapted to that last pre-configured pre-cross connected protection scheme, the bandwidth sharing constraints must be handled in a different way in order to take care of the sharing along the FIPP p-cycles. It follows that, instead of a polynomial-time solvable pricing problem as in the model of Orlowski and Pioro (Networks, 2011), we end up with a much more complex pricing problem, which has an exponential number of constraints due to some subtour elimination constraints. Consequently, in order to efficiently solve the pricing problem, we consider: (i) a hierarchical decomposition of the original pricing problem; (ii) heuristics in order to go around the large number of constraints in the pricing problem. Performance evaluation is made in the case of FIPP p-cycles subject to dual failures. For small to medium size networks, the proposed model remains fairly scalable for increasing percentages of dual failures, and requires much less bandwidth than p-cycle protection schemes (ratio varies from 2 to 4). For larger networks, heuristics are required in order to keep computing times reasonable. In the particular case of single link failures, it compares very favorably (5 to 10 % of bandwidth saving) to the previously proposed column generation ILP model of Rocha, Jaumard and Stidsen (Telecommun. Syst., 2012).