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81.
82.
Evaluating water quality data for outliers is a good quality control/quality assessment procedure whether the data are used for monitoring or for modeling. Often water quality data are correlated, e.g., carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) has some correlation with NH3. Univariate methods for identifying outliers do not consider the correlation between variables and may identify too many data points as outliers or miss observations which have extreme ratios between variables, e.g., a raw wastewater sample with relatively low CBOD but high NH3. Testing for outliers using multivariate methods such as the Mahalanobis distance, Jackknife distance, p-values, or Hadi’s automatically incorporates the correlation or covariance between variables and is fundamentally more correct. Such multivariate methods can better identify potential outliers and avoid eliminating valid data. 相似文献
83.
Lutz Wolfgang; Leach Chris; Barkham Michael; Lucock Mike; Stiles William B.; Evans Chris; Noble Rachael; Iveson Steve 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2005,73(5):904
This study extended client-focused research by using the nearest neighbor (NN) approach, a client-specific sampling and prediction strategy derived from research on alpine avalanches. Psychotherapy clients (N = 203) seen in routine practice settings in the United Kingdom completed a battery of intake measures and then completed symptom intensity ratings before each session. Forecasts of each client's rate of change and session-by-session variability were computed on the basis of that client's NNs (n = 10-50 in different comparisons). Alternative forecasts used linear or log-linear slopes and were compared with an alternative prediction strategy. Results showed that the NN approach was superior to the alternative model in predicting rate of change, though the advantage was less clear for predicting variability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
84.
Abstract: Just like rough set theory, fuzzy set theory addresses the topic of dealing with imperfect knowledge. Recent investigations have shown how both theories can be combined into a more flexible, more expressive framework for modelling and processing incomplete information in information systems. At the same time, intuitionistic fuzzy sets have been proposed as an attractive extension of fuzzy sets, enriching the latter with extra features to represent uncertainty (on top of vagueness). Unfortunately, the various tentative definitions of the concept of an ‘intuitionistic fuzzy rough set’ that were raised in their wake are a far cry from the original objectives of rough set theory. We intend to fill an obvious gap by introducing a new definition of intuitionistic fuzzy rough sets, as the most natural generalization of Pawlak's original concept of rough sets. 相似文献
85.
Floris Bex Henry Prakken Chris Reed Douglas Walton 《Artificial Intelligence and Law》2003,11(2-3):125-165
This paper studies the modelling of legal reasoning about evidence within general theories of defeasible reasoning and argumentation. In particular, Wigmore's method for charting evidence and its use by modern legal evidence scholars is studied in order to give a formal underpinning in terms of logics for defeasible argumentation. Two notions turn out to be crucial, viz. argumentation schemes and empirical generalisations. 相似文献
86.
Chris Reed 《AI & Society》1997,11(1-2):138-154
The concept of argumentation in AI is based almost exclusively on the use of formal, abstract representations. Despite their
appealing computational properties, these abstractions become increasingly divorced from their real world counterparts, and,
crucially, lose the ability to express the rich gamut of natural argument forms required for creating effective text. In this
paper, the demands that socially situated argumentation places on knowledge representation are explored, and the various problems
with existing formalisations are discussed. Insights from argumentation theory and social psychology are then adduced as key
contributions to a notion of social context which is both computationally tractable and suitably expressive for handling the
complexities of argumentation found in natural language. 相似文献
87.
Symmetric multiprocessor systems are increasingly common, not only as high-throughput servers, but as a vehicle for executing
a single application in parallel in order to reduce its execution latency. This article presents Pedigree, a compilation tool
that employs a new partitioning heuristic based on the program dependence graph (PDG). Pedigree creates overlapping, potentially
interdependent threads, each executing on a subset of the SMP processors that matches the thread’s available parallelism.
A unified framework is used to build threads from procedures, loop nests, loop iterations, and smaller constructs. Pedigree
does not require any parallel language support; it is post-compilation tool that reads in object code. The SDIO Signal and
Data Processing Benchmark Suite has been selected as an example of real-time, latency-sensitive code. Its coarse-grained data
flow parallelism is naturally exploited by Pedigree to achieve speedups of 1.63×/2.13× (mean/max) and 1.71×/2.41× on two and
four processors, respectively. There is roughly a 20% improvement over existing techniques that exploit only data parallelism.
By exploiting the unidirectional flow of data for coarse-grained pipelining, the synchronization overhead is typically limited
to less than 6% for synchronization latency of 100 cycles, and less than 2% for 10 cycles.
This research was supported by ONR contract numbers N00014-91-J-1518 and N00014-96-1-0347. We would like to thank the Pittsburgh
Supercomputing Center for use of their Alpha systems. 相似文献
88.
Information systems methodologies are an important component of the IS infrastructure and a primary device for organizing systems development work. Evidence suggests that methodology adoption and use are problematic. This research seeks to generate insight into business users' interest in adoption through detailed examination of a case. A framework is developed for organizing relevant research findings. The field research methods are described and details of the case reported. The case highlights the role of business managers in methodology adoption and the influence of business pressures originating in the strategic environment. Analysis shows the organizing framework to require extension to include a more direct role for business decision makers. it is argued that previous research has obscured the legitimate concern of business with systems development methodologies. As business increasingly asserts its interest in and control over IS, it will be necessary to give greater consideration to the needs of business in the selection and adoption of methodologies. 相似文献
89.
Jawed I. Siddiqi Ian C. Morrey Chris R. Roast Mehmet B. Ozcan 《Annals of Software Engineering》1997,3(1):131-155
Assuring a high quality requirements specification document involves both an early validation process and an increased level of participation. An approach and its supporting environment which combines the benefits of a formal system specification and its subsequent execution via a rapid prototype is reported. The environment assists in the construction, clarification, validation and visualisation of a formal specification. An illustrative case study demonstrates the consequences of assertions about system properties at this early stage of software development. Our approach involves the pragmatic combination of technical benefits of formal systems engineering based techniques with the context‐sensitive notions of increased participation of both developer and user stakeholders to move us closer towards a quality requirements specification document. 相似文献
90.