Airwriting: a wearable handwriting recognition system

We present a wearable input system which enables interaction through 3D handwriting recognition. Users can write text in the air as if they were using an imaginary blackboard. The handwriting gestures are captured wirelessly by motion sensors applying accelerometers and gyroscopes which are attached to the back of the hand. We propose a two-stage approach for spotting and recognition of handwriting gestures. The spotting stage uses a support vector machine to identify those data segments which contain handwriting. The recognition stage uses hidden Markov models (HMMs) to generate a text representation from the motion sensor data. Individual characters are modeled by HMMs and concatenated to word models. Our system can continuously recognize arbitrary sentences, based on a freely definable vocabulary. A statistical language model is used to enhance recognition performance and to restrict the search space. We show that continuous gesture recognition with inertial sensors is feasible for gesture vocabularies that are several orders of magnitude larger than traditional vocabularies for known systems. In a first experiment, we evaluate the spotting algorithm on a realistic data set including everyday activities. In a second experiment, we report the results from a nine-user experiment on handwritten sentence recognition. Finally, we evaluate the end-to-end system on a small but realistic data set.     

Meß- und Regeltechnik in Chemieanlagen unter sicherheitstechnischen Aspekten

Safety aspects of control engineering. The influence of control engineering on the safety of chemical plant is described. Particular attention is paid to demands placed on control engineering equipment from a safety viewpoint and to their adjustment, arrangement, and link-up. It is shown that, under certain circumstances, control engineering equipment can be used instead of conventional safety equipment, while preserving the same degree of safety. Considerations are also presented as to effective testing procedures and reasonable testing intervals. These ideas are preceded by some fundamental safety concepts relating to the planning of chemical plant.     

Metallo-Supramolecular Polymerization: A Route to Easy-To-Process Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials

The self-assembly polymerization of ditopic macromolecules via metal–ligand binding is a facile route for the preparation of metallo-supramolecular polymers (MSPs). We herein review our recent work focused on the synthesis and investigation of metallo-supramolecular polymers based on 2,6-bis(1′-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine endcapped poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) and poly(p-xylene) macromonomers. These materials are readily solution-processable and display appreciable mechanical properties as well as other attractive properties such as specific opto/electrical functions or high thermal stability. Our work illustrates that metallosupramolecular polymerization offers an attractive approach to assemble high-molecular-weight macromolecules from well-defined, easy to process precursors. Variation of the ditopic ligands and metal ions allows one to easily tailor the desired properties. This paper is dedicated to Professor Ian Manners and his scientific accomplishments.     

Isomerization and Hydrocracking of n-Decane over Bimetallic Pt–Pd Clusters Supported on Mesoporous MCM-41 Catalysts

n-Decane hydroconversion has been investigated on bifunctional catalysts comprising bimetallic Pt–Pd clusters supported on an AlMCM-41 (n_Si/n_Al = 23) mesoporous molecular sieve. The catalytic activity of the bimetallic Pt–Pd catalysts is higher than that of the monometallic Pt and Pd catalysts. The good balance between the two catalytic functions, namely acid sites and metal sites, also results in a higher isomer yield at a substantially lower reaction temperature. Moreover, cracking on the metal sites (hydrogenolysis) is largely suppressed over certain bimetallic catalysts.     

Temporal evolution of contacts and communities in networks of face-to-face human interactions

Temporal dynamics of social interaction networks as well as the analysis of communities are key aspects to gain a better understanding of the involved processes, important influence factors, their effects, and their structural implications. In this article, we analyze temporal dynamics of contacts and the evolution of communities in networks of face-to-face proximity. As our application context, we consider four scientific coil- ferences. On a structural level, we focus on static and dynamic properties of the contact graphs. Also, we analyze the resulting community structure using state-of-the-art automatic community detection algorithms. Specifically, we analyze tile evolution of contacts and communities over time to consider the stability of the respective conmmnities. Furthermore, we assess different factors which have an influence on the quality of com- munity prediction. Overall, we provide first important insights into the evolution of contacts and communities in face-to-face contact networks.     

PID auf Aneuploidie des Embryos?

Definition of problem

At least in some cases, testing for aneuploidy as part of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can be medically useful for pregnancy care. The current legal situation in Germany seems to not generally exclude PGD to detect a maldistribution of chromosomes in an embryo, but testing would require approval by a PGD ethics committee on a case-by-case basis and a well-reasoned application by the concerned woman. This article examines ethically and legally whether fundamental reasons prevent PGD commissions from admitting requests to perform aneuploidy tests as part of PGD.

Arguments

Three constellations – each with differing ethical implications – can be distinguished in which testing for aneuploidy could be considered or could occur: Testing for aneuploidy can (i) be the main reason for in vitro fertilization (IVF), which in itself is not medically indicated; (ii) IVF is done as infertility treatment in which case PGD and aneuploidy testing could be done additionally; or (iii) PGD with IVF is indicated in order to prevent a congenital disease or chromosomal aberration leading to a diagnosis of aneuploidy as an incidental or additional finding. Ethical arguments which could lead to a general rejection of aneuploidy testing are the prevention of discrimination against people with aneuploidy, as well as the protection of embryos. These concerns oppose constellation (i), but do not apply to (ii) and (iii). Yet there are at least three ethical arguments in favour of an admissibility of a request for aneuploidy testing: the “good practice” of IVF, the duty to the emerging child and the parent’s right to have a voice in the discussion.

Conclusion

Aneuploidy testing as part of PGD is not ruled out by legal or ethical reasons and should be openly discussed by the relevant German ethics commissions.

     

A New Research Infrastructure for Investigating Flow Hydraulics and Process Equipment at Critical Fluid Properties

An optimized equipment design for natural gas processing and liquefaction plants becomes increasingly difficult with changing process conditions: Particularly low values of surface tension create rising challenges on the design of phase separators and column internals. The TERESA test rig at HZDR was designed to allow the investigation of multiphase thermohydraulics and phase separator performance under critical fluid properties in industrial dimensions. A versatile pipe test section is available in DN200 and equipment internals may be tested in a sectional DN300/DN500 test separator. The applied test fluid shows a high vapor-liquid density difference between 1470 and 940 kg m⁻³, viscosity as low as 0.12 mm²s⁻¹, and surface tension down to 1.3 mN m⁻¹. Volumetric liquid and vapor flow rates may be varied up to 9 and 530 m³h⁻¹ in the test rig, respectively.     

冷能利用片冰机海水淡化动态仿真

介绍了一种新型的冷冻海水淡化技术。到2019年末,液化天然气（LNG）生产能力已达4.3亿吨/年。LNG从再气化过程中释放出的巨大冷能量可用于冷冻脱盐过程,以最大限度地降低总能耗。本文采用HYSYS软件设计并仿真了利用LNG冷能的片冰机冷冻海水淡化（FD）过程。采用片冰机上的制冰桶作为海水结晶器,主要是由于其连续制冰和除冰无热源。利用gPROMS软件建立了冻结段的动态模型并进行了仿真。结果表明,用1kg当量液化天然气冷能可获得1.9~2.1kg的冰融水,该混合工艺的制冷剂泵功率能耗为3.725Wh/100kg,可忽略不计。     

Approximate variational inference based on a finite sample of Gaussian latent variables

Variational methods are employed in situations where exact Bayesian inference becomes intractable due to the difficulty in performing certain integrals. Typically, variational methods postulate a tractable posterior and formulate a lower bound on the desired integral to be approximated, e.g. marginal likelihood. The lower bound is then optimised with respect to its free parameters, the so-called variational parameters. However, this is not always possible as for certain integrals it is very challenging (or tedious) to come up with a suitable lower bound. Here, we propose a simple scheme that overcomes some of the awkward cases where the usual variational treatment becomes difficult. The scheme relies on a rewriting of the lower bound on the model log-likelihood. We demonstrate the proposed scheme on a number of synthetic and real examples, as well as on a real geophysical model for which the standard variational approaches are inapplicable.