Swords to plowshares: Shock wave applications to advanced lithography

xtreme ltra iolet ithography (EUVL) seeks to apply radiation in a wavelength region centered near 13 nm to produce microcircuits having feature sizes 0.1 micron or less. A critical requirement for the commercial application of this technology is the development of an economical, compact source of this radiation which is suitable for lithographic applications. A good candidate is a laser-plasma source, which is generated by the interaction of an intermediate intensity laser pulse (up to 10¹² W/cm²) with a metallic target. While such a source has radiative characteristics which satisfy the needs of an EUVL source, the debris generated during the laser-target interaction strikes at the economy of the source. Here, we review the use of concepts and computer modeling, originally developed for hypervelocity impact analysis, to study this problem.     

Energy-aware wireless networking with directional antennas: the case of session-based broadcasting and multicasting

We consider ad hoc wireless networks that use directional antennas and have limited energy resources. To explore quantitatively the advantage offered by the use of directional antennas over the case of omnidirectional antennas, we consider the case of connection-oriented multicast traffic. Building upon our prior work on multicasting algorithms, we introduce two protocols that exploit the use of directional antennas and evaluate their performance, We observe significant improvement with respect to the omnidirectional case, in terms of both energy efficiency and network lifetime. Additionally, we show that further substantial increase in the network's lifetime can be achieved by incorporating a simple measure of a node's residual energy into the node's cost function.     

Calculated and Experimental Estimation of Absorbed Mechanical Work in Deformation of Synthetic Fibres

Methods are proposed for obtaining the elastic and absorbed components of deformation and mechanical work expended in the region of a nondestructive mechanical effect from the stress-strain diagrams or by calculated prediction. The closeness of the values of the absorbed and correspondingly the elastic components obtained with the measured or predicted stress-strain diagram totally confirm the satisfactory reliability of modeling the physicomechanical properties of a fibre in the form of an integral equation in which the nonlinear-hereditary kernel analytically reflects the activating character of the mechanical effect combined with the concept of the deformation-time analogy in normalized form [5].     

Propagation of Isothermal Flame in the Low-Pressure Thermal Decomposition of Nitrogen Trichloride

The inhibition and promotion of isothermal NCl₃ flame by NOCl and H₂, respectively, are explained. The crossover from the isothermal mode of flame propagation to the thermal one is analyzed for NCl₃–He mixtures. Calculations based on a kinetic mechanism taking into account energy chain branching are performed, and qualitative agreement between the calculated and observed data is demonstrated. The one-dimensional problem of chain–thermal flame propagation by a chain reaction involving a nonlinear-branching step has two solutions corresponding, one corresponding the isothermal mode of flame propagation and the other corresponding to the chain–thermal one. Nonlinear chain branching shortens the time needed for thermal ignition and increases the flammability of the combustible mixture.     

A quantum full adder for a scalable nuclear spin quantum computer

We demonstrate a strategy for implementation a quantum full adder in a spin chain quantum computer. As an example, we simulate a quantum full adder in a chain containing 201 spins. Our simulations also demonstrate how one can minimize errors generated by non-resonant effects.     

Relationship between CO2 Sensor Voltage Response and Phase Equilibrium of Solid Electrolyte Na, K-β/β"-Al2O3

A type of CO2 sensor based on oxygen concentration cell was designed as following: Cell I: Pt | Au, O2,CO2|Na2CO3(Au)|NKBA(Au)|YSZ|O2, CO2|Pt or Cell Ⅱ: Pt|Au, O2, CO2|K2CO3(Au)|NKBA(Au)|YSZ|O2, CO2|Pt.(Na,K-β/β″-Al2O3 is named by NKBA). The sensor signal is consistent with the Nernstian slope within the region ofphase equilibrium for Na, K-β/β"-Al2O3 material. The relationship between CO2 sensor voltage response and phaseequilibrium of solid electrolyte Na, K-β/β-Al2O3 is discussed in this paper.     

Radiation and scattering characteristics of microstrip antennas onnormally biased ferrite substrates

Radiation and scattering characteristics of microstrip antennas and arrays printed on ferrite substrates with a normal magnetic bias field are described. The extra degree of freedom offered by the biased ferrite can be used to obtain a number of novel characteristics, including switchable and tunable circularly polarized radiation from a microstrip antenna having a single feed point, dynamic wide-angle impedance matching for phased arrays of microstrip antennas, and a switchable radar cross section reduction technique for microstrip antennas. Results are obtained from full-wave moment method solutions for single microstrip antennas and infinite arrays of microstrip antennas. A cavity model solution for a circular patch antenna on a biased ferrite substrate is also presented, to aid in understanding the operation of these antennas