Sport And Downtown Development Strategy If You Build It,Will Jobs Come?

ABSTRACT: Many policy analysts have cautioned against public spending for professional and amateur sports. Within the last year, numerous cities have received demands from major and minor league teams for investments. These investments by the public sector can involve hundreds of millions of dollars and are usually defended by the economic impact of the facilities or teams and the economic development and revitalization which will follow. Indianapolis formulated an economic development strategy which relied substantially on sports. In addition, its development policies did not involve one team or facility, but a series of investments. As a result, the policies followed in Indianapolis afford an opportunity to measure the ability of sport facilities to encourage other investments and enhance economic development. The results reported here indicate that a sports strategy, even one as pronounced and as articulated as that of Indianapolis, is likely to have an inconsequential impact on development and economic growth.     

The GLRT for statistical process control of autocorrelated processes

This paper presents an on-line Statistical Process Control (SPC) technique, based on a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT), for detecting and estimating mean shifts in autocorrelated processes that follow a normally distributed Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. The GLRT is applied to the uncorrelated residuals of the appropriate time-series model. The performance of the GLRT is compared to two other commonly applied residual-based tests - a Shewhart individuals chart and a CUSUM test. A wide range of ARIMA models are considered, with the conclusion that the best residual-based test to use depends on the particular ARIMA model used to describe the autocorrelation. For many models, the GLRT performance is far superior to either a CUSUM or Shewhart test, while for others the difference is negligible or the CUSUM test performs slightly better. Simple, intuitive guidelines are provided for determining which residual-based test to use. Additional advantages of the GLRT are that it directly provides estimates of the magnitude and time of occurrence of the mean shift, and can be used to distinguish different types of faults, e.g., a sustained mean shift versus a temporary spike.     

Shape control of multi-cellular inflatable panels

Multi-cellular inflatable structures are ultra-light and robust against membrane damage such as pinholes caused by space debris. Due to their robustness, inflatable structures supported by inner gases can be applied as space structures. In the present study, shape control for a simple multi-cellular inflatable panel was achieved via a novel diaphragm mechanism. When the bending actuator in a center membrane bends, the inner pressures of sub-cells become different, and the diaphragm mechanism bends as a whole. Because a sliding component is not included, this deformable system is a reliable mechanism. In addition, the proposed mechanism has higher rigidity than that of a bending actuator used alone. In the present paper, we investigate the feasibility of a novel diaphragm mechanism and its characteristics using experimental and numerical results.     

COMPOSITION OF WASHED MECHANICALLY SEPARATED AND HAND BONED BEEF

Washed mechanically separated (MS) beef and washed hand boned (HB) beef samples were prepared with an emulsifier or silent cutter. Higher yields of washed beef were obtained with the silent cutter, but differences in composition were small. Bone particle size in MS beef was reduced with the emulsifier and the silent cutter. Washed MS beef contained more iron, fat and cholesterol than washed HB beef. Collagen content of washed MS beef was about twice as high (P < 0.05) as that of washed HB beef. The major proteins in all washed beef lots were myosin and actin. Minor differences in amino acids and fatty acids between MS beef and HP beef existed. Binding properties of washed beef and fish surimi in restructured beef steaks were similar. Overall, washed MS and HB beef are low in fat and high in protein quality and have the potential to replace much of the salt in restructured beef products.     

The effect of varying the calcium-sequestering salt cation on the hydration behaviour of rennet caseins in a simple model system

Di potassium orthophosphate and di-ammonium orthophosphate were used to replace di-sodium orthophosphate in a simple model of cheese analogue manufacture. Rheological changes that occurred as eight rennet caseins, possessing widely differing hydration behaviour, were dispersed in solutions of the different calcium-sequestering salts were determined. Dispersion in the potassium salt resulted in minor differences in hydration behaviour of rennet caseins when compared to the behaviour in di-sodium orthophosphate solution, while dispersion in the ammonium salt resulted in considerably modified hydration behaviours and rheological profiles.     

CONTEXTUALIZING THE ARTISTIC DIVIDEND

Artists have been a central theme in recent debates about the causes of urban development. This article shifts attention to the question of context: in what sorts of places are artist concentrations most likely to stimulate the local economy? To tackle this question, we employ a Canadian national database of local amenities. This database includes roughly 1.8 million total amenities in 1,800 distinct categories, across every Canadian locality. By coding these amenity categories on 16 qualitative dimensions (like self‐expression, glamour, or neighborliness), we measure the specific cultural “scene” for each Canadian neighborhood. Our main findings are threefold. First, in general there is a strong correlation between artist populations and rising local wages. Second, this correlation is strengthened in more self‐expressive, glamorous, and charismatic scenes. Third, in contrast to artists, “creative professionals” are linked with lower local wage growth generally and in such scenes. Finally, synthesizing these results, we conclude with a comment about what it might mean for “bourgeois” and “bohemian” lifestyle preferences to become more tightly integrated in contemporary postindustrial contexts, offering evidence based on the location of artists, graphic designers, and advertising firms that processes of functional differentiation and interchange may provide a more compelling explanation than processes of fusion and conflict.     

Empirical estimation of the ERS-1 SAR radiometric resolution

This letter describes a technique to evaluate the radiometric quality of distributed target responses extracted from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The approach is original in that it aims to estimate the Equivalent Number of Looks of clustered pixels, a parameter which summarizes the first order statistics of speckle. This empirical method can be applied to processed, interpolated, and even speckle-filtered, SAR images. Using ERS-1 Precision Image SAR data, it is shown, first, how to discriminate between uniform and non-uniform targets, and, then, to estimate the radiometric resolution of pixels gathered according to several clustering schemes.     

Synthesis of LiNiO2 cathode by the combustion method

To determine optimum conditions for the synthesis of LiNiO₂ by the combustion method, syntheses were carried out in air and under oxygen at various calcination temperatures and for different times. The electrochemical properties of the prepared samples were then investigated. The optimum conditions are preheating at 400 °C for 30 min in air in the mole ratio of urea to nitrate 3.6 and calcination at 750 °C for 36 h under O₂. The LiNiO₂ synthesized under these conditions had a first discharge capacity of 189 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C-rate and relatively good cycling performance. This sample has a larger value of I ₀₀₃/I ₁₀₄ (smaller cation mixing) and a smaller R-factor (larger hexagonal ordering). Cycling performance was investigated in various voltage ranges. The first discharge capacity increased as the upper limit of the voltage range rose. The first discharge capacity was small but cycling performance was good when the sample was cycled in the voltage range with the lowest upper limit.     

STORAGE RESULTS IN LOSS OF THE ANTIGENOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF LENTINULA EDODES (SHIITAKE MUSHROOM) AND DEVELOPMENT OF IN VIVO GENOTOXICITY

In this study, we have investigated the stability of the antigenotoxic properties of dried of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Singer mushroom powder stored at room and at − 20C. Mice were pretreated by gavage for 15 consecutive days with 0.6 mL/day of an aqueous extract of dried L. edodes powder prepared at 60C. On day 15, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU); 3 h later, peripheral blood was withdrawn from the animals and used to evaluate DNA damage using the comet assay. The mice were sacrificed 24 h after the ENU treatment and the bone marrow used to measure the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. The results indicated that storage at both room temperature and at − 20C significantly reduced the antigenotoxic effects of the mushroom powder. In addition, whereas freshly dried mushroom powder was nongenotoxic, storage of the powder at − 20C resulted in genotoxic activity ( P <  0.05). Taken together, our data indicate that constituents of L. edodes powder are altered during storage, resulting in both genotoxicity and a reduction in antigenotoxicity.     

ASSESSMENT OF SODIUM DICHLOROISOCYANURATE IN THE CONTROL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CROSS-CONTAMINATION IN BROILER CARCASS IMMERSION CHILLING SYSTEMS

Commercial immersion chilling systems used in poultry processing are a major source in the cross-contamination of carcasses with pathogenic microorganisms. In the current study, the efficacy of a chlorine based bactericidal compound, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NADCC), to control contamination between carcasses was compared to the more traditional sodium hypochlorite solutions in a simulated carcass immersion chilling system. The addition of either sodium dichloroisocyanurate or sodium hypochlorite to the immersion chill tank water at concentrations of 50 ppm or more significantly reduced total aerobic mesophilic (37C) and psychrophilic (22C) counts when compared to corresponding untreated water samples in which dressed broiler carcasses had been immersed ( P < 0.01). Both compounds significantly reduced the numbers of fecal coliforms and thermophilic campylobacters in the immersion water samples compared to corresponding control samples ( P < 0.01). In contrast to the control water samples, salmonellae were not detected in immersion water samples treated with either of the chlorine based compounds.