Hermite infinite elements and graded quadratic B-spline finite elements

Quadratic B-spline finite elements are defined for a graded mesh. Hermite infinite elements are proposed to extend the applicability of these finite elements to unbounded regions. Test problems used to compare this technique with published procedures show that the quadratic B-spline finite element solution has, as expected, lower error bounds than a linear element solution. These experiments also demonstrate that the Hermite infinite elements used to close the B-spline finite element arrays lead to error norms comparable in size with other infinite element formulations. The generation of solitary waves in a semi-infinite shallow channel by boundary forcing is modelled by the Korteweg-de Vries equation using an array of graded elements closed by a zero pole infinite element. The resulting simulation of solitary wave motion across a non-uniform mesh confirms existing work and illustrates the effectiveness of the present formulation.     

Modulated relay based stable election protocol for large-scale wireless sensor networks

Internet of things (IoT) applications based on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently gained vast momentum. These applications vary from health care, smart cities, and military applications to environmental monitoring and disaster prevention. As a result, energy consumption and network lifetime have become the most critical research area of WSNs. Through energy-efficient routing protocols, it is possible to reduce energy consumption and extend the network lifetime for WSNs. Using hybrid routing protocols that incorporate multiple transmission methods is an effective way to improve network performance. This paper proposes modulated R-SEP (MR-SEP) for large-scale WSN-based IoT applications. MR-SEP is based on the well-known stable election protocol (SEP). MR-SEP defines three initial energy levels for the nodes to improve the network energy distribution and establishes multi-hop communication between the cluster heads (CHs) and the base station (BS) through relay nodes (RNs) to reduce the energy consumption of the nodes to reach the BS. In addition, MR-SEP reduces the replacement frequency of CHs, which helps increase network lifetime and decrease power consumption. Simulation results show that MR-SEP outperforms SEP, LEACH, and DEEC protocols by 70.2%, 71.58%, and 74.3%, respectively, in terms of lifetime and by 86.53%, 86.68%, and 86.93% in terms of throughput.     

A local-effective relation in planar linear elasticity

We present a relation between local and effective properties for a class of two-dimensional elastic structures. The model considered is a periodic structure, which is locally isotropic and homogeneous. The corresponding physical model is a flat two-dimensional body with traction-free holes, such as a perforated plate. We show how the effective properties of the structure depend on the local properties in a way that separates the dependence on the holes. Our result extends a result of Vigdergauz [1 S. Vigdergauz, Complete elasticity solution to the stress problem in a planar grained structure, Math. Mech. Solids, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 407–439, 1999.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]], which describes how effective properties depend on local properties for effectively square symmetric structures, to the case when the effective elasticity tensor is allowed to be anisotropic.     

Impacts of warm winters and extreme rainstorms on the base consumption in a limed lake,southern Norway

The chemical composition of a limed lake, the two main inlets and the outlet was monitored during a period of 3 years. The winters of 1991-1992 and 1992-1993 were unusually warm while the winter of 1993-1994 was more normal. The lake surface water was wind exposed in the warm winters and as a consequence of frequent turnovers the acid input from the catchment mixed with the whole lake water body. In the winter of 1993-1994, the lake was ice-covered for approximately 4 months. During this period the drainage water from the catchment flowed to the outlet of the lake in the upper 2-3 m of the water column and only some of the acid input was neutralised. This is compared to a complete neutralisation in the winter of 1992-1993. The in-lake loss of alkalinity during this warm winter was approximately 29 microeq/l (November-June) compared to approximately 7 microeq/l lakewater in 1993-1994. Acid drainage from the catchment induced by an extraordinary rainstorm with heavy sea-salt deposition contributed to the in-lake alkalinity consumption in spring 1993. As winter temperatures above 0 degrees C and more frequent rainstorms may be common due to expected global warming, future increased lime consumption in-lakes may be projected in acidified areas as southern Norway.     

The effect of cationic surfactant and some organic/inorganic additives on the morphology of mesostructured silica templated by pluronics

Tri-block copolymers (poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide), represented as EO_xPO_yEO_x), pluronics (F127 = EO₁₀₆PO₇₀EO₁₀₆, P65 = EO₂₀PO₃₀EO₂₀, P85 = EO₂₇PO₃₉EO₂₇, P103 = EO₁₇PO₅₅EO₁₇, and P123 = EO₂₀PO₇₀EO₂₀) and cationic surfactants (cethyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)), two surfactant systems, form complex micelles that self-assemble into mesostructured particles with distinct morphology depending on the pluronic type, the concentration of the cationic surfactant and the organic–inorganic ingredients in a siliceous reaction media under acidic conditions. The CTAB–P65 and CTAB–P85 systems form spheres, CTAB–P103 and CTAB–P123 systems form wormlike particles, and CTAB–F127 system form single crystals of mesostructured silica particles under very similar conditions. However addition of various salts (such as KCl and NaNO₃) into a CTAB–P103 or CTAB–P123 solution system and cyclohexane and KCl into a CTAB–P85 solution system produces the mesostructured silica spheres and wormlike particles, respectively. By controlling the hydrophilic–hydrophobic character of the pluronics, core–corona interface, by means of additives, such as small organic molecules or salts, one could obtain the desired morphology that is dictated by the shape of the micelles of the pluronic–cationic surfactant complex. The effects of the additives and the formation mechanism of those morphologies have been discussed using spectroscopy (FT-IR and Raman), diffraction (XRD) and microscopy (POM and SEM) data.     

Definability of Polyadic Lifts of Generalized Quantifiers

We study generalized quantifiers on finite structures.With every function : we associate a quantifier Q by letting Q x say there are at least (n) elementsx satisfying , where n is the sizeof the universe. This is the general form ofwhat is known as a monotone quantifier of type < 1 >.We study so called polyadic liftsof such quantifiers. The particular lifts we considerare Ramseyfication, branching and resumption.In each case we get exact criteria fordefinability of the lift in terms of simpler quantifiers.