Characterization of terrestrial water dynamics in the Congo Basin using GRACE and satellite radar altimetry

The Congo Basin is the world's third largest in size (~ 3.7 million km²), and second only to the Amazon River in discharge (~ 40,200 m³ s^− 1 annual average). However, the hydrological dynamics of seasonally flooded wetlands and floodplains remains poorly quantified. Here, we separate the Congo wetland into four 3° × 3° regions, and use remote sensing measurements (i.e., GRACE, satellite radar altimeter, GPCP, JERS-1, SRTM, and MODIS) to estimate the amounts of water filling and draining from the Congo wetland, and to determine the source of the water. We find that the amount of water annually filling and draining the Congo wetlands is 111 km³, which is about one-third the size of the water volumes found on the mainstem Amazon floodplain. Based on amplitude comparisons among the water volume changes and timing comparisons among their fluxes, we conclude that the local upland runoff is the main source of the Congo wetland water, not the fluvial process of river-floodplain water exchange as in the Amazon. Our hydraulic analysis using altimeter measurements also supports our conclusion by demonstrating that water surface elevations in the wetlands are consistently higher than the adjacent river water levels. Our research highlights differences in the hydrology and hydrodynamics between the Congo wetland and the mainstem Amazon floodplain.     

Sensitivity analysis of important parameters affecting contact pressure between a respirator and a headform

Respirator comfort and fit are two important parameters for respirator design, usage, and standard development. The contact pressure (as measured between a respirator and the wearer) plays an important role in comfort and fit. This work attempts to investigate the contact mechanism and factors that affect the contact pressure. This paper focuses on mechanical factors such as strap tension, strap orientation, strap location, friction, and seal material. A finite element (FE) model-based method was developed to assess the contact pressure. The FE models for both the headform and the respirator have multiple layers. The headform is a medium size headform developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the respirator is an MSA Affinity Ultra respirator. The results show that the positive Z directional force of strap tension that forces the respirator to move towards the headform is the most important parameter for measuring pressure distribution. Other factors such as strap orientation, friction, strap location, and softness of the seal material were found to affect the contact pressure distribution in this study. Strap orientation and friction coefficient have no significant effect on maximum pressure and maximum shear stress. The dispersive strap location increased the contact pressure on the nose-bridge area of the wearer, while concentrated location had no considerable effect on contact pressure. A softer seal material causes larger deformations and transfers the location of the maximum pressure from the nose-bridge to the tip of the nose.

Relevance to industry

This study investigates the effect of important parameters on contact pressure between a respirator and a headform. The sensitivity analysis can provide insights of the interaction between a respirator and a headform. The findings are critical to respirator designers, users, and standard developers to ensure maximal respirator fit and comfort.     

Another Sub-exponential Algorithm for the Simple Stochastic Game

We study the problem of solving simple stochastic games, and give both an interesting new algorithm and a hardness result. We show a reduction from fine approximation of simple stochastic games to coarse approximation of a polynomial sized game, which can be viewed as an evidence showing the hardness to approximate the value of simple stochastic games. We also present a randomized algorithm that runs in \(\tilde{O}(\sqrt{|V_{\mathrm{R}}|!})\) time, where |V _R| is the number of RANDOM vertices and \(\tilde{O}\) ignores polynomial terms. This algorithm is the fastest known algorithm when |V _R|=ω(log?n) and \(|V_{\mathrm{R}}|=o(\sqrt{\min{|V_{\min}|,|V_{\max}|}})\) and it works for general (non-stopping) simple stochastic games.     

基于FPGA的神经振荡器设计及优化

为神经振荡器提出了一种高效的FPGA实现方案,介绍了一种改进的分布式算法(DA),以便于最大限度地利用FPGA上的查找表(LUT)资源.整个系统在Matlab/Simulink下采用Altera公司的DSP Builder构建.该方法节约了74％的查找表、75％的寄存器和100％的嵌入式乘法器资源.同时,该方案得到了令...     

一种新型机载防浪涌电压保护电路设计

设计了一种新型的机载过压保护电路.该电路以芯片LT4356和APL502L为主要器件,简单可靠,能够满足防80 V/50 ms浪涌电压要求.介绍了该防浪涌电压保护电路主要特点和参数设计,并对该电路进行了仿真分析.相应实验结果表明,该电路是一种可靠有效的机载过压保护电路.     

近红外光谱的甲醇汽油定量分析

随着汽油价格的不断升高,甲醇汽油作为一种替代车用燃料受到越来越多的重视.工业甲醇产量大,价格便宜,辛烷值高,将其以一定比例与汽油混合后,可以提高汽油标号,降低成本.但是由于甲醇热值低,甲醇汽油中的甲醇比例必须受到严格控制,不然会影响车辆动力性能.本文研究了采用近红外光谱分析技术定量分析甲醇汽油中的甲醇含量.首先对光谱数据进行多项式一阶微分和标准正态变换,得到预处理谱图;其次选取(1370～1450)m的光谱数据,对其进行PCA主元特征提取,并利用第一主元和第二主元对甲醇汽油和成品汽油进行分类:最后,选取(1100～1650)nm的光谱数据采用偏最小二乘(PLS)方法对甲醇含量建立定量分析模型.采用上述方法对24个实验室配制的甲醇汽油样品进行定量分析,实验结果表明,近红外光谱分析技术可以准确测量甲醇汽油中的甲醇含量,其交叉检验均方误差误差(StandardErrorofCrossValidation,SECV)为0.62(%,v/v),可以满足大部分甲醇汽油生产企业的实际检测需求.本文的最后部分讨论了光谱不同波段对模型精度的影响,结果表明,光谱1350～1650 nm波段包含了更加丰富的甲醇含量信息,但是采用全谱建立模型和经过波段选择后建立的模型交叉检验精度相差不大.     

一种动态多目标决策模型及其应用

针对一类动态多指标决策问题。提出一种多目标多阶段动态决策模型。根据所提出的效用函数,将决策矩阵归一化到相应的效用矩阵。该效用函数以指标的平均值为参数考点,突出了“奖优罚劣”原则,提高了分辨精度。最后提出一种动态决策目标函数,并通过对５城市３年综合经济效益的评估实例,表明此方法是合理可行的。     

水利枢纽泄洪闸门的控制

系统的构成和控制方式以及信息处理能力,对于控制系统的可靠性、安全性、稳定性而言,是决定性的因素,本文对泄洪闸门控制系统的主要技术问题进行分析。     

实现安全数据库的一种方法——数据库安全通信服务

提出了实现安全数据库的一种方法———数据库安全通信服务,它通过使用(1)不同种类和不同算法强度的密钥算法;(2)密钥的适时更新;(3)加密后的数据包与本地机器环境和客户端的当前用户相关;(4)数据包的还原校验与本地机器环境和客户端的当前用户相关;(5)基于X.509证书的身份识别和访问控制策略,等方法和技术极大地提高了数据库及其通信系统的安全性,具有较高的实用价值。     

数据仓库中元数据技术研究

元数据及其管理是数据仓库系统的核心部件,是内部技术人员开发与维护数据仓库的蓝图,是商业终端用户导航数据仓库以及定位有用信息的路标。该文详细介绍了无数据的功能及其管理,然后简单介绍了元数据联盟的开放信息模型。