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81.
Babak?FarjadEmail author Anil?Gupta Danielle?J.?Marceau 《Water Resources Management》2016,30(8):2851-2865
The Elbow River watershed, located in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains in western Canada, is characterized by a complex hydrological regime due to significant differences in climate and geomorphological settings between the west and east sub-catchments. This watershed has experienced several extreme droughts and floods in the recent decades, which might be accentuated with climate change. This study was undertaken to investigate the average annual and seasonal variations of surface and sub-surface hydrological processes in the west and east sub-catchments along with and the entire watershed under five plausible GCM-scenarios up to 2070 using the physically-based, distributed MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 model. Most of the scenarios indicate a reduction in the average annual overland flow, groundwater recharge and baseflow in the east sub-catchment. The pattern of seasonal change generally exhibits a rise in overland flow, baseflow, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and streamflow in winter-spring and a decline in summer-fall. The induced changes in hydrological processes are proportionally more perceptible in the east sub-catchment compared to the west sub-catchment. However, the west sub-catchment governs the watershed behaviour and determines the future changes, over-riding the stronger climate change signal in the east. This investigation indicates that a greater understanding of climate change impacts on the water balance of a watershed with significant differences in sub-regional settings is achieved when capturing the surface and subsurface hydrological process responses of each sub-catchment individually along with the entire watershed. Such information can guide water resources management by providing a more rigorous assessment of the processes involved in the watershed. 相似文献
82.
Nathan M. Kreisberg Steven R. Spielman Arantzazu Eiguren-Fernandez Susanne V. Hering Michael J. Lawler Danielle C. Draper 《Aerosol science and technology》2018,52(10):1167-1177
AbstractA water condensation-based ion charging system has been developed to enhance both the charging efficiency and the concentration of sub-20?nm particles. This NanoCharger consists of a bipolar ion source followed by a parallel plate water-based condensation system, an embedded ion scavenger, and an aerodynamic focusing stage. Sufficient numbers of ions are transported through the system to attach to the formed droplets. An ion scavenger removes the ions immediately after the droplet formation to minimize multiple charging. A subsequent cold-walled condensation stage removes most of the water vapor, lowering the dew point to below 16?°C, while a set of focusing nozzles concentrates the droplets into ~10% of the flow. The flow is then slightly heated to evaporate the droplets. The physical enhancement of electrical charging was evaluated in the laboratory using mobility-selected particles, and found to provide ~40-fold enhancement over bipolar charging for 6–15?nm particles. Chemical artifacts were evaluated through thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Data comparing ion spectra for flow that passed through the NanoCharger to that obtained without it showed nearly equivalent ion spectra, indicating that no significant artifacts were introduced from the condensation–evaporation process.Copyright © 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research 相似文献
83.
Land cover mapping with patch-derived landscape indices 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Automated-classification procedures of satellite imagery are mainly based on surface reflectance and generally ignore shape and size of landforms. On the other hand, quantitative landscape ecology has been focused on the patch concept as a landscape unit due to its relevance in the theory and practice of the conservation of species in human-modelled landscapes. The present paper explores how landscape metrics can introduce the component of spatial pattern of landscape elements to enhance land cover classification reliability. In particular, a method is proposed to extract patch-derived indices and to introduce them in a supervised classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images as neo-channels. To extract patch-derived indices, an image segmentation method based on edge detection was used to define patches without an a priori knowledge of land cover classes. We calculated four patch indices: area, perimeter, shape index and fractal dimension. These indices were introduced in the classification to test the improvement of classification reliability. Well-known additional information (texture and topographic features) was also tested for comparison purposes. The method was tested for mapping land cover types in a mountainous region in the French Pyrenees, the Massif of Arize. The results of classification reliability allowed us to conclude that patch indices and topographic features significantly improved the discrimination of land cover classes. The combination of these additional information types by means of data fusion is useful for land cover classification purposes. 相似文献
84.
Wang J Candy TR Teel DF Jacobs RJ 《Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision》2008,25(9):2263-2270
Although the longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) of the adult eye has been studied, there are no data collected from the human infant eye. A chromatic retinoscope was used to measure cyclopleged infant and adult refractions with four pseudomonochromatic sources (centered at 472, 538, 589, and 652 nm) and with polychromatic light. The LCA of the infant eyes between 472 and 652 nm was a factor of 1.7 greater than the LCA found in the adult group: infant mean=1.62 D, SD+/- 0.14 D; adult mean=0.96 D, SD+/- 0.17 D. The elevated level of LCA in infant eyes is consistent with the greater optical power of the immature eye and indicates similar chromatic dispersion in infant and adult eyes. The implications for visual performance, defocus detection, and measurement of refraction are discussed. 相似文献
85.
Cell-matrix interactions have critical roles in regeneration, development and disease. The work presented here demonstrates that encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can be induced to differentiate down osteogenic and adipogenic pathways by controlling their three-dimensional environment using tethered small-molecule chemical functional groups. Hydrogels were formed using sufficiently low concentrations of tether molecules to maintain constant physical characteristics, encapsulation of hMSCs in three dimensions prevented changes in cell morphology, and hMSCs were shown to differentiate in normal growth media, indicating that the small-molecule functional groups induced differentiation. To our knowledge, this is the first example where synthetic matrices are shown to control induction of multiple hMSC lineages purely through interactions with small-molecule chemical functional groups tethered to the hydrogel material. Strategies using simple chemistry to control complex biological processes would be particularly powerful as they could make production of therapeutic materials simpler, cheaper and more easily controlled. 相似文献
86.
87.
Hen Haddad Sharon Etzion Tatiana Rabinski Rivka Ofir Danielle Regev Yoram Etzion Jacob Gopas Aviv Goldbart 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(21)
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients suffer from cardiovascular morbidity, which is the leading cause of death in this disease. Based on our previous work with transformed cell lines and primary rat cardiomyocytes, we determined that upon incubation with sera from pediatric OSAS patients, the cell’s morphology changes, NF-κB pathway is activated, and their beating rate and viability decreases. These results suggest an important link between OSAS, systemic inflammatory signals and end-organ cardiovascular diseases. In this work, we confirmed and expanded these observations on a new in vitro system of beating human cardiomyocytes (CM) differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hES). Our results show that incubation with pediatric OSAS sera, in contrast to sera from healthy children, induces over-expression of NF-κB p50 and p65 subunits, marked reduction in CMs beating rate, contraction amplitude and a strong reduction in intracellular calcium signal. The use of human CM cells derived from embryonic stem cells has not been previously reported in OSAS research. The results further support the hypothesis that NF-κB dependent inflammatory pathways play an important role in the evolution of cardiovascular morbidity in OSAS. This study uncovers a new model to investigate molecular and functional aspects of cardiovascular pathology in OSAS. 相似文献
88.
Allylurea (AU) was used as a reactive additive with poor aptitude to homopolymerization for obtaining grafted plasticized starch films with stabilized physical properties. Potato starch was mixed with AU (30–50 parts per hundred/pph) in a mixer operating at 125°C. Upon storage in well‐defined hygrothermal conditions, the resulting thermoplastic material shows strong plasticizer migration revealed by AU crystals blooming at the samples surface and exhibits strong opacity assigned to phase separation of the organic additive inside the material. Freshly prepared thermoplastic films of appropriate thickness were exposed to a 175‐kV electron beam (EB) radiation for inducing covalent grafting of AU by a free radical process. FTIR monitoring of the resulting chemical changes in thin films of AU–starch blends indicates unambiguously the transformation of AU allylic bond. High irradiation doses are required for achieving complete conversion of AU in the blend. However, no detectable AU migration was observed for intermediate AU conversion, probably as a consequence of higher plasticizer solubility in the grafted polysaccharide. Examination of the viscoelastic properties by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis shows that artificial aging by placing the films alternatively in high and low relative humidity (RH) atmosphere does not significantly alter the thermomechanical spectrum of the material reconditioned in a cell at 58% RH. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 409–417, 1999 相似文献
89.
Brown LJ Smith RW Toutoungi DE Reynolds JC Bristow AW Ray A Sage A Wilson ID Weston DJ Boyle B Creaser CS 《Analytical chemistry》2012,84(9):4095-4103
Miniaturized ultra high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is used for the selective transmission of differential mobility-selected ions prior to in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) analysis. The FAIMS-in-source collision induced dissociation-TOFMS (FISCID-MS) method requires only minor modification of the ion source region of the mass spectrometer and is shown to significantly enhance analyte detection in complex mixtures. Improved mass measurement accuracy and simplified product ion mass spectra were observed following FAIMS preselection and subsequent in-source CID of ions derived from pharmaceutical excipients, sufficiently close in m/z (17.7 ppm mass difference) that they could not be resolved by TOFMS alone. The FISCID-MS approach is also demonstrated for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures of peptides with FAIMS used to filter out unrelated precursor ions thereby simplifying the resulting product ion mass spectra. Liquid chromatography combined with FISCID-MS was applied to the analysis of coeluting model peptides and tryptic peptides derived from human plasma proteins, allowing precursor ion selection and CID to yield product ion data suitable for peptide identification via database searching. The potential of FISCID-MS for the quantitative determination of a model peptide spiked into human plasma in the range of 0.45-9.0 μg/mL is demonstrated, showing good reproducibility (%RSD < 14.6%) and linearity (R(2) > 0.99). 相似文献
90.
Conventional cell separation against multiple markers generally requires the attachment of antibody tags, typically fluorescent or magnetic, to selected cell types in a heterogeneous suspension. This work describes how such separation can be accomplished in a series of microfluidic systems without the need for such tags. Two capture stages containing antibody-functionalized alginate hydrogels are utilized for the isolation of CD34+ and Flk1+ cells from untreated, whole human blood. The capture-release capability of these degradable coatings is harnessed by a mixing chamber and a simple valving system such that the suspension emerging from the first capture stage is prepared for the second capture stage for further enrichment. With this configuration, we demonstrate the isolation of CD34+/Flk1+ endothelial progenitor cells from blood enabled by the depletion of CD34+/Flk1-hematopoietic stem cells population. This ability to achieve isolation of cells against multiple markers in an untagged separation method is of particular significance in applications involving cell implantation-based therapeutics including tissue engineering and molecular analysis. 相似文献