Oxidative stability and characterization of oleogels obtained from safflower oil-based beeswax and rice bran wax and their effect on the quality of cake samples

Safflower oil-based oleogels were produced from beeswax and rice bran wax. Oleogels demonstrated higher oxidative stability than shortening at the cooking temperature. Peroxide values in shortening, rice bran wax oleogels, and beeswax oleogels samples were found in the range of 4.8–27.76, 13.21–20.45 and 4.30–7.72 meqO₂kg⁻¹ oil. Following oleogelation, there was no significant change in fatty acid composition of safflower oil. In addition, after baking process, the changes in the major fatty acids were not determined to be significant. Solid fat content ratios (carried out at 35°C) of rice bran wax oleogels, in beeswax oleogels and in shortening samples were defined in the range of 4.10%–7.70%, 0.80%–5.00%, and 9.61%, respectively. The highest oil binding capacity was revealed in beeswax oleogels with 99.93%–99.98%. The shortest crystallization time was determined as 3 min in oleogel containing 10% rice bran wax. Cakes consisted of oleogel were acceptable in terms of texture and sensory properties compared to cake produced with shortening. Sensory results revealed that some cakes produced with oleogels were found to be more acceptable as compared with control group samples. In this respect, oleogels produced with safflower oil-based beeswax and rice bran wax could be used instead of commercial solid fat widely used in the cake industry.     

Identification of Turkish extra virgin olive oils produced in different regions by using NMR (1H and 13C) and IRMS (13C/12C)

Isotope ratio mass spectroscopy (IRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques are two of the analytical methods that are used to characterize food products. The aim of this study is to classify extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) samples collected from different regions of Turkey based on ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra along with IRMS δ¹³C carbon isotope ratio data by using chemometrics multivariate data analysis methods. A total of 175 EVOO samples were analyzed in 2014/15 and 2015/16 harvest seasons. Multivariate classification and clustering models were used to identify geographical and botanical origins of the EVOOs. IRMS results showed that there was no significant difference in terms of δ¹³C values between the years in terms of harvest year (p > 0.05), only extraction phase and variety were statistically significant factors (p < 0.05). The interactions of the factors showed that the harvest year × variety interaction is important. The outcomes of this research clearly indicated that considering the partial least squares discriminant analysis result with NMR spectra, the percent success of the model in the South Marmara, North Aegean, and South Aegean region samples were 95%, 95.7%, and 96.4% in the model set, respectively. The results showed that by using classification and clustering models, geographic marking and labeling of these oils can be carried out regardless of differences in year and production systems (2 and 3 phase extraction system) according the NMR analysis.     

Semianalytical solution of unsteady quasi-one-dimensional cavitating nozzle flows

Unsteady quasi-one-dimensional bubbly cavitating nozzle flows are considered by employing a homogeneous bubbly liquid flow model, where the nonlinear dynamics of cavitating bubbles is described by a modified Rayleigh–Plesset equation. The model equations are uncoupled by scale separation leading to two evolution equations, one for the flow speed and the other for the bubble radius. The initial-boundary value problem of the evolution equations is then formulated and a semianalytical solution is constructed. The solution for the mixture pressure, the mixture density, and the void fraction are then explicitly related to the solution of the evolution equations. In particular, a relation independent of flow dimensionality is established between the mixture pressure, the void fraction, and the flow dilation for unsteady bubbly cavitating flows in the model considered. The steady-state compressible and incompressible limits of the solution are also discussed. The solution algorithm is first validated against the numerical solution of Preston et al. [Phys Fluids 14:300–311, 2002] for an essentially quasi-one-dimensional nozzle. Results obtained for a two-dimensional nozzle seem to be in good agreement with the mean pressure measurements at the nozzle wall for attached cavitation sheets despite the observed two-dimensional cavitation structures.     

Sheaf representations of BL-algebras

In this paper we present a survey on sheaf representations of BL-algebras, based on our PhD thesis [36]. We define sheaf spaces and sheaf representations of BL-algebras, we study completely regular and compact sheaf spaces of BL-algebras, compact representations of BL-algebras and we develop a Gelfand theory for BL-algebras. Thus, we prove that the category of nontrivial BL-algebras is equivalent to the category of compact local sheaf spaces of BL-algebras. The last section of our paper is a contribution to the representation theory of BL-algebras by (weak) Boolean products. We characterize the (weak) Boolean products of BL-chains, the weak Boolean products of local BL-algebras and the weak Boolean products of perfect BL-algebras.     

Biofunctionalization of magnetic poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres with protein A: Characterization and cellular interactions

Monodisperse poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (m-PGMA) microspheres which show superparamagnetic behaviour were synthesized by dispersion polymerization. Bioligand protein A was covalently immobilized onto glutaraldehyde activated microspheres (3.12 mg protein A per gram of microspheres). Cell culture studies denoted that 61% of total L929 mouse fibroblasts were bound to the m-PGMA microspheres while 84% of total cells were bounding to the protein A immobilized (m-PGMA-PrA) microspheres. Interactions between m-PGMA-PrA microspheres and L929 cells were stronger than that of m-PGMA microspheres due to the non-specific interactions between protein A and cell surface. The cells interacted with m-PGMA-PrA microspheres keep their round form rather than attaching to the tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) surface. In conclusion, this study consists a basis for the fractionation of blood lymphocytes bearing IgG antibodies on their surfaces by using protein A immobilized m-PGMA microspheres.     

Crosslinked DADMAC polymers as cationic super absorbents

Loosely crosslinked cationic polyelectrolytes (polyquats) with super-water-sorption abilities are presented, for the first time. Hydrogels obtained by radically initiated copolymerization of N,N-diallyl, N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) with N-vinyl 2-pyrrolidone (NVP) in presence of N,N,N′,N′-tetraallyl piperazinium dichloride (TAP) as crosslinker showed reasonably high equilibrium swelling ratios, as high as those for poly(acrylic acid)-based super absorbents.The highest swelling ratios (up to 360) were attained by fully cationic hydrogels derived from DADMAC and 0.5% TAP. The hydrogels with 0.5–5% crosslinkers exhibited rapid expansion in neutral water, so that the equilibrium swelling values were attained within 2–3 min. The crosslinking densities of the gels were estimated by Flory-type swelling model using “phantom network elasticity” for the elastic contribution. This estimation revealed low crosslinking efficiencies of TAP (0.24–0.35) due to its double cationic charge.In the study “the salt effect” and effects of the comonomer ratios and crosslinker contents on the swellings were also investigated.     

Intrinsic factor and vitamin B12 complex‐loaded poly[lactic‐co‐(glycolic acid)] microspheres: preparation,characterization and drug release

BACKGROUND: Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin required by all mammals. Absorption of vitamin B12 is facilitated by binding of intrinsic factor–vitamin B₁₂ complex to specific receptors in the ileum. In humans a deficiency of this vitamin or a lack of intrinsic factor leads to pernicious anaemia. The major objective of the present study was to prepare intrinsic factor–vitamin B12 complex‐loaded poly[lactic‐co‐(glycolic acid)] (PLGA)‐based microparticles and to investigate their release kinetics. RESULTS: PLGA copolymer was synthesized by the ring‐opening polymerization method and characterized using gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H NMR. The glass transition temperature measurement showed a single T_g at 40 °C. The intrinsic factor–vitamin B12 complex‐loaded PLGA microspheres were prepared by a water‐in‐oil‐in‐water double emulsion solvent extraction/evaporation technique. An environmental scanning electron microscopy investigation demonstrated that the PLGA particles had a mean particle diameter of 38 µm. Interestingly, different drug release patterns (bi‐ and triphasic ones) were observed for vitamin B12‐loaded and intrinsic factor–vitamin B12 complex‐loaded microspheres. In contrast to the rapid release of vitamin B12 by itself, in vitro release tests showed that intrinsic factor and vitamin B12 in the complex were released from PLGA microspheres in a sustained manner over 15 days. CONCLUSION: PLGA microspheres can be an effective carrier for the intrinsic factor–vitamin B12 complex. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

On‐line Statistical Process Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis in Batch Baker's Yeast Fermentation

This study involves real‐time monitoring and fault diagnosis in batch baker's yeast fermentation. A specific Real Time Statistical Process Analysis and Control (RT‐SPAC) program was developed to monitor instantaneous reaction conditions. The air flow rate fed to the reactor, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentration in a laboratory‐size fermenter were monitored and recorded by means of on‐line sensors. Under control of the RT‐SPAC program, 22 batch baker's yeast fermentation operations were carried out. In the first 20 operations, an ordinary process was followed under previously defined nominal operating conditions. Historical data collected from these batches were then used for on‐line Dynamic Principal Component Analysis (DPCA) in the course of the following two batches. The last two batches were implemented such that some deliberate faults (in temperature and pH) were introduced during the operation. The results indicated that the software was capable of capturing the process faults, and furthermore the possible causes of these faults were identified by contribution plots.     

Combination of pneumatic lithotripsy and transurethral prostatectomy in bladder stones with benign prostatic hyperplasia

There are numerous reported cases of lingual thyroid with an obvious prevalence in pediatric age. Such ectopic thyroid glands are probably quantitatively deficient and thyroid function may be low or at a low normal level. Apparently, most cases of ectopic thyroid tissue develop congenital hypothyroidism, the so-called cretinism. In this report, we describe a very rare adult male case of lingual thyroid who developed hypothyroidism in adulthood; the anomaly remained undiscovered, being without local common symptoms, and permitted a normal life.