Qualit?tseinstufung und schnelle Jodzahlbestimmung von Butterfett anhand einer Triglyceridanalyse

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe statistischer Verfahren wurden anhand einer repräsentativen Zahl verschiedener Butterfette Triglyceridformeln entwickelt, um bei unterschiedlichen Fütterungsbedingungen im Hinblick auf die Milchfettqualität und hier insbesondere auf die zu erwartende Butterstreichfähigkeit eine Klassifizierung durchführen zu können. Mit einer schnellen gaschromatographischen Triglyceridanalyse kann damit in einfacher Weise eine Qualitätseinstufung des Butterfettes anhand der direkt gemessenen C54- oder C36-Anteile oder C40/C36-Quotienten oder eine Klassifizierung anhand theoretisch ermittelter Jodzahlen vorgenommen werden. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Triglyceride C36, C54, C52 und C34 die höchsten Anteile an ungesättigten Fettsäuren aufweisen, C48 und C40 dagegen die geringsten.

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Classification of butter fat quality and rapid determination of iodine number by triglyceride analysis

Summary Statistical methods were employed to a representative number of different butter fats in order to develop triglyceride formulae for characterizing the milk fat quality and especially for classifying the expected spreadability of butter, which results from the different feeding conditions of cows. The quality of butter fat can be easily classified by the directly measured C54 or C36 portions or C40/C36 quotients, which can be obtained with a rapid gas chromatography triglyceride analysis. A classification is also possible by determining the iodine number, either experimentally or more rapidly by calculation, using the developed formulae with different numbers of triglycerides. Furthermore, it could be shown that the triglycerides C 36, C 54, C 52, and C 34 have the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids, whereas C48 and C40 have the lowest.

     

Rare localization of a reticulum-cell sarcoma in the clavicular epiphysis

Two different methods for classifying cochlear pathology were applied to 62 BEKESY AUDIOGRAMS obtained from cochlear pathology subjects to determine which method was the better indicator of cochlear pathology. The two methods compared were: (1) Jerger's type II, which is based upon the difference (D) between the client's threshold for the interrupted-tone tracing and the threshold for the continuous-tone tracing; and (2) Bilger's Wc, which is the swing width of the continuous tone tracing for 4,000 Hz. Results indicated that D classified 62% of the audiograms (39) correctly, and Wc classified 52% of the audiograms (32) correctly. Both measures jointly classified 37% of the audiograms (23) correctly and jointly missed 23% of the audiograms (14). Statistical analysis showed no difference between the two methods in classifying cochlear pathology.     

Angiographic studies in fluoroscopically detected coronary calcification (author's transl)

We performed coronary angiography in eighty subjects with radiographically diagnosed coronary calcification. Radiographically proven coronary calcification is highly specific for coronary heart disease. Within certain limitations it helps in locating stenoses and is present more frequently in multiple vessel disease. It sometimes detects coronary artery disease missed by other non-invasive methods.     

Untersuchungen über die Kristallstruktur und den molekularen Aufbau der Fettphase von Butter

Studies on the Crystal Structure and the Molecular Conformation of the Fat Phase of Butter Comparative examinations of butter samples are carried out at different temperatures of preparation ranging from 15 to 35° C by means of electron microscope pictures won by freezefracturing technique and of X-ray diffraction patterns. While an increase of temperature from 15 to 25–30° C causes a liquefaction of the crystalline aggregates, contained in the interior of the fat globules, the main part of the outer globule shell remains unchanged. However, in case of a further increase of temperature to 35° C practically all fat globules and crystals in the interglobular fat phase of butter melt. Nevertheless, many water droplets, existing isolated with their characteristic covering of small and thin crystal platelets, still remain in existence. It is concluded that in the region of the outer globule shell as well as in the region of the crystal platelets of the water droplets the triclinic β modification dominates. In contrast to this fact the predominating part of the β′ modification is to be found in the deeper melting crystal layers of the interior of the globules. This is true for the interglobular fat phase, too, in which the part of unsaturated fatty acids is especially high. Further on the arrangements of molecules in the β and β3′ regions of butter are discussed, whereby the numerous lattice defects are particularly mentioned.     

Effect of feeding on conjugated cis Δ9, trans Δ11-octadecadienoic acid and other isomers of linoleic acid in bovine milk fats

Almost 2000 bovine milk fats were analysed by gas chromatography to investigate the influence of typical barn and pasture feeding of cows on trans-C18:2 isomers (with at least one trans double bond) including the conjugated linoleic acid cis Δ9, trans Δ11 (c9,t11) as well as the cis Δ9, cis Δ12 linoleic acid. Moreover, small cow herds were used to determine the influence of pasture feeding with young and older grass as well as the impact of an energy deficit or the variation of quantity and technical treatment of fed rape-seed on the content of C18:2 isomers in milk fat. The contents of trans-C18:2 (w/o c9,t11) and c9,t11 in 1756 milk fats on average amounted to 0.63% resp. 0.75%. These contents increased from barn feeding in winter with 0.46% resp. 0.45% over the transiton period in spring and late autumn with 0.66% resp. 0.76% to pasture feeding in summer with 0.87% resp. 1.20%. Milk fat samples from bulk milk obtained weekly during one year from 4 large West German milk collection areas confirmed and completed the data found for the 1756 milk fats. The percentage of linoleic acid with a mean value of 1.24 (n = 1756) varied irregularly during the different feeding periods. The content of the conjugated linoleic acid c9,t11 could be raised considerably up to triple the normal amount by different changes in feeding. However, the content of trans-C18:1 fatty acids was strongly increased as well, respectively.     

Xenoendocrine pollutants may reduce size of sexual organs in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

Reproductive organs from 55 male and 44 female East Greenland polar bears were examined to investigate the potential negative impact from organohalogen pollutants (OHCs). Multiple regressions normalizing for age showed a significant inverse relationship between OHCs and testis length and baculum length and weight, respectively, and was found in both subadults (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethanes, dieldrin, chlordanes, hexacyclohexanes, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) and adults (hexachlorobenzene [HCB]) (all p < 0.05). Baculum bone mineral densities decreased with increasing chlordanes, DDTs, and HCB in subadults and adults, respectively (all p < 0.05). In females, a significant inverse relationship was found between ovary length and sigma PCB (p = 0.03) and sigma CHL (p < 0.01), respectively, and between ovary weight and sigma PBDE (p < 0.01) and uterine horn length and HCB (p = 0.02). The study suggests thatthere is an impact from xenoendocrine pollutants on the size of East Greenland polar bear genitalia. This may pose a riskto this polar bear subpopulation in the future because of reduced sperm and egg quality/quantity and uterus and penis size/robustness.     

Regional contamination versus regional dietary differences: understanding geographic variation in brominated and chlorinated contaminant levels in polar bears

The relative contribution of regional contamination versus dietary differences to geographic variation in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) contaminant levels is unknown. Dietary variation between Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard subpopulations was assessed by muscle nitrogen and carbon stable isotope (δ(15)N, δ(13)C) and adipose fatty acid (FA) signatures relative to their main prey (ringed seals). Western and southern Hudson Bay signatures were characterized by depleted δ(15)N and δ(13)C, lower proportions of C(20) and C(22) monounsaturated FAs and higher proportions of C(18) and longer chain polyunsaturated FAs. East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were reversed relative to Hudson Bay. Alaskan and Canadian Arctic signatures were intermediate. Between-subpopulation dietary differences predominated over interannual, seasonal, sex, or age variation. Among various brominated and chlorinated contaminants, diet signatures significantly explained variation in adipose levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (14-15%) and legacy PCBs (18-21%). However, dietary influence was contaminant class-specific, since only low or nonsignificant proportions of variation in organochlorine pesticide (e.g., chlordane) levels were explained by diet. Hudson Bay diet signatures were associated with lower PCB and PBDE levels, whereas East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were associated with higher levels. Understanding diet/food web factors is important to accurately interpret contaminant trends, particularly in a changing Arctic.     

Mikrokapseln in der Galvanotechnik

Composite coatings with microcapsules Electrodeposited composite coatings are well known for wear reduction or friction reducing applications. A new development are microcapsules containing composite coatings. Microcapsules have a solid, liquid or gaseous core with a shell from different plastics with a diameter from 0.3 up to 50 μm. Self lubricating coatings, for example, are able to reduce the coefficient of friction from 0.7 to 0.1 (Nickel vs. steel). Wear‐indicating coatings containing micro‐encapsulated perfumes, fluorescent dyes or other detectable substances were developed.