X-linked juvenile retinoschisis: localization between (DXS1195, DXS418) and AFM291wf5 on a single YAC

We studied 17 pedigrees with 108 affected males with X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (RS; McKusick No. 31270) and have analyzed all of the known polymorphic markers in the RS region of Xp22.1-p22.2 between DXS987 and DXS41. By haplotype analyses we found 7 individuals who showed crossovers in this interval surrounding RS. We previously reported AFM291wf5 as the centromeric boundary, and this remains unchanged in the present study. A new recombination was identified on the telomeric side at (DXS1195, DXS418). Our data support the locus order Xpter--(DXS987, DXS207, DXS1053, DXS43)--(DXS1195, DXS418)--(RS, DXS257, DXS999)--(AFM291wf5, DXS443)--DXS1052--(DXS1226, DXS274, DXS41)--Xcen; loci grouped in parentheses could not be mutually ordered by our genetic data. Physical mapping has indicated a distance of at most 900-1,000 kb between (DXS1195, DXS418) and AFM291wf5. No recombination was observed between RS and DXS257 which lies in our new interval of interest, but one critical individual was not informative with this marker. Our data now define the smallest RS inclusion interval. This interval is contained on a single YAC from which we have identified expressed sequences as candidate genes for RS.     

Evaluation of a dual-color flow cytometry immunophenotyping panel in a multicenter quality assurance program

A basic immunophenotyping panel that employed dual-color combinations of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and phycoerythrin (PE) conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAb; FITC-CD45/PE-CD14, FITC-IgG1/PE-IgG2, FITC-CD3/PE-CD8, FITC-CD3/PE-CD4, FITC-CD3/PE-CD16 + PE-CD56, and PE-CD19) was utilized in a quality assurance program to determine whether the 4 laboratories participating in a multicenter AIDS study obtained similar lymphocyte subset percentage values for T cells, B cells, NK cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Over a 1 1/2 year period, 78 shared peripheral blood specimens were prepared and analyzed in each laboratory. The CD45bright CD14- percentage for each specimen was used to correct that individual's lymphocyte subset values. Interlaboratory coefficients of variation (CV) for the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV) seronegative (n = 38) and HIV-seropositive (n = 40) specimens using this panel were < 3% for total T cells; < 5% for CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells; < or = 17% for B and NK cells; and < 8% for CD4T/CD8T ratios. The 6-tube basic immunophenotyping panel has several notable features: a) for clinical studies, it permits comprehensive evaluation of an individual's major lymphocyte subsets, i.e., T, B, NK, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; b) for interlaboratory proficiency testing programs, it allows the detection of differences among laboratories in measurements of several functionally distinct cell populations; and c) for within-sample quality assurance, it provides several quality control checks, including the lymphosum, i.e., the sum of an individual's corrected T+B+NK values, a sum that was generally 100 +/- 5% on the HIV-seronegative specimens analyzed in this study.     

Notch in contrast sensitivity function of optical origin: diffraction effects of acrylic filters

It was for the first time that of the fifth year of monitoring of Plantago lanceolata L., reproduced within the thirty-kilometer zone of Chernobyl NPP disaster, the authors discovered high incidence of seedlings with various morphological abnormalities. It is suggested that the damages observed are related to the cumulative effect of radiation.     

Effects of Ajoene on lymphocyte and macrophage membrane-dependent functions

An increasing flow of evidences collected on elementary forms of learning processes in selected animal models evidentiates some mechanisms which can represent the basic cellular principles underlying plastic changes: 1. 5HT and second messengers of nucleotide type (like cAMP) have a pivotal role in the learning process. 2. In almost all short-term learning processes the modifications are subserved by a mechanism of protein phosphorylation. 3. In various animal models the modulation of K+ and Ca2+ channels is the molecular mechanism for learning. Experiments performed in sensory T neuron of the leech indicate that the modulation of Na+/K+ electrogenic pump is one of the fundamental mechanism for learning. 4. In long-term plastic changes, the most important finding is that newly synthesized proteins are formed. 5. In addition to what has been observed in the Aplysia model, where changes in synaptic efficacy represent the basic principles of memory storage, in the leech it has been demonstrated that a molecular machinery present in a single neuron can adapt the activity of the cell to environmental stimuli.     

The cement mantle in the Exeter impaction allografting technique. A cause for concern

The postoperative radiographs of 35 patients who underwent impaction allografting of the proximal femur were reviewed. Of Gruen zones that could be clearly visualized, 39.9% contained areas where cement was absent. Even when an adequate mantle was present, cement voids were commonly seen. These cement mantle deficiencies were confirmed in a series of cadaveric impaction allografting procedures. They appear to be a consequence, at least in part, of an inadequate differential between trial and actual component sizes. Additionally, 4 patients were identified with significant component migration secondary to radiographically visible cement mantle fractures within the first 6 months of surgery. It is concluded that the surgical technique requires modification to ensure a more consistent cement mantle and clinical result.     

Atheromatous plaque macrophages produce plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and stimulate its production by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells

The capacity of macrophages to influence directly and indirectly fibrinolytic processes in atherosclerosis was studied using macrophages isolated from atherosclerotic plaques of patients undergoing surgical repair of distal aortic and femoral arteries. These cells were characterized by their morphology, adherence, esterase positivity, and expression of CD14 antigen. Production of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) by plaque macrophages (6.7 +/- 2.7 ng/10(5) cells/24 hours [mean +/- SEM]) was significantly greater than PAI-1 production by blood monocytes isolated simultaneously from the same patients (1.8 +/- 1.5 ng/10(5) cells/24 hours). Production of tissue type plasminogen activator and urokinase type was not augmented compared to blood monocytes. Conditioned medium from cultured plaque macrophages significantly increased production of PAI-1 by endothelial cells (85 +/- 11% above basal) and vascular smooth muscle cells (25 +/- 10%) in vitro. This response was significantly greater than the response to monocyte-conditioned medium (endothelial cells 38 +/- 11%, vascular smooth muscle cells 2.5 +/- 2.0%). Stimulation of endothelial cell PAI-1 production by macrophage-conditioned medium was partially inhibitable by a monoclonal antibody to transforming growth factor-beta. Tissue type plasminogen activator production by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells was not affected by plaque macrophage- or monocyte-conditioned medium. Urokinase type plasminogen activator production by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells was undetectable in control medium and was augmented to similar levels in response to plaque macrophage- and monocyte-conditioned media. These results demonstrate upregulation of PAI-1 production by macrophages in atheromatous plaques and the capacity of soluble products from plaque macrophages to upregulate PAI-1 production by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. These data suggest that macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques may inhibit thrombolysis both directly and indirectly by effects of their soluble products on endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.     

Treatment of malocclusions in children and adolescents at a public dental service clinic in Sweden: extent and cost

This study was undertaken to investigate the extent and the cost of orthodontic consultation and treatment of malocclusions in 19-year-olds at a Public Dental Service (PDS) clinic. A further aim was to evaluate the group of patients who discontinued their treatment prematurely. A total of 223 patient records were reviewed. The results showed that every second patient (106 of 223) was seen by a specialist for orthodontic evaluation. Of these, 54% (57 of 106) were treated with removable appliance, 29% (31 of 106) benefited from interceptive treatment without appliance and 12% (13 of 106) were referred to a specialist clinic. The costs for specialist consultations comprised 19% of the overall orthodontic treatment cost. Premature interruption of treatment with removable appliance was found in 17% (10 of 57) of the patients. This group consumed 12% of the overall orthodontic treatment cost. Reasons for discontinuing treatment included problems with co-operation and motivation and a lack of parental support. Seventy per cent of those who discontinued their treatment prematurely had been treated with an activator.     

Differential kinetics and distribution of antibodies in serum and nasal and vaginal secretions after nasal and oral vaccination of humans

Although nasal vaccination has emerged as an interesting alternative to systemic or oral vaccination, knowledge is scarce about the immune responses after such immunization in humans. In the present study, we have compared the kinetics and organ distribution of the antibody responses after nasal and oral vaccination. We immunized female volunteers nasally or orally with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and determined the specific antibody levels in serum and nasal and vaginal secretions, as well as the number of circulating antibody-secreting cells, before immunization and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 26 weeks thereafter. Nasal vaccination induced 9-fold CTB-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and 56-fold specific IgG antibody increases in nasal secretions, whereas no significant IgA increase was seen after oral vaccination. Both oral and nasal vaccination resulted in 5- to 6-fold CTB-specific IgA and 20- to 30-fold specific IgG increases in vaginal secretions. Strong serum responses to CTB were also induced by both routes of vaccination. A notable difference between nasal and oral vaccination was that the nasal route elicited a specific antibody response with a later onset but of much longer duration than did the oral route. We conclude from this study that the nasal route is superior to the oral route for administering at least nonliving vaccines against infections in the upper respiratory tract, whereas either oral or nasal vaccination might be used for eliciting antibody responses in the female genital tract.     

Patient education for discharge after coronary bypass surgery in the 1990s: are patients adequately prepared?

Short hospitalizations for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) require continuous nursing evaluation of patients' discharge education. Six institutions collaborated in surveying 300 postoperative patients with CABG to identify learning priorities and patients' perceptions of the effectiveness of discharge education. Data analysis from the self-administered questionnaire demonstrated consistent patient priorities across institutions. Differences in teaching methods and content did not affect perceived preparedness or importance scores. Regional experience demonstrates that variable teaching efforts meet patients' priorities and provide high overall patient preparedness for discharge. Patients with the shortest hospitalizations had higher preparedness scores.