POPULAR PRESSURES FOR MUNICIPAL REFORM IN THE PARISIAN CASHIERS OF 1789

Based upon extensive analysis of the grievance lists, or cahiers, and popular protest literature written by the Parisian Third Estate for the convocation of the Estates General on the eve of the French Revolution of 1789, this study argues that Parisians saw a municipal government much in need of reform and were therefore unwilling to play a passive role. From the outset of this historical episode, the Parisian Third Estate, which first gathered in sixty electoral districts in April, 1789, insisted upon creating and maintaining an urban democracy. The municipal revolution which followed produced the opportunity to create government anew. In the problems seen and arguments raised in this struggle urban scholars can discern the continuities between the municipal revolution of 1789 and the dilemmas of modern urban democracies. Events such as this one should be viewed not as historical anachronisms, but as developmentally linked and still relevant to our own era.     

Infrared Study of Compounds and Solid Solutions in the System Lithia–Alumina–Silica

The system Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ contains several compounds and solid solutions which are important commercially and which are also of interest from a structural point of view. In addition to the interesting polymorphic modifications exhibited by spodumene and eucryptite, the solid solutions between spodumene and eucryptite and more particularly the solid solutions between spodumene and silica (the so-called silica-O series) constitute a group of materials quite suitable for studying the applicability of infrared methods for structural interpretations. The infrared spectra of all the compounds and some typical solid solutions have been obtained and the relations between these spectra and the structures as determined by X-ray methods are discussed.     

Phytate × Calcium/Zinc Molar Ratios: Are They Predictive of Zinc Bioavailability?

The utility of the phytate/zinc and phytate × calcium/zinc molar ratios for predicting zinc bioavailability from processed soybean foods was investigated. Weight gain and bone zinc accumulation in rats fed various soy protein products were plotted against the calculated molar ratios. The phytate × calcium/zinc ratio was a better predictor of zinc bioavailability in similarly processed products than was the phytate/ zinc ratio. However, in some cases the phytate × calcium/zinc ratio was not effective since some processing procedures apparently altered binding of phytic acid to minerals and other food components.     

Effect of Temperature on Collagen Extractability and Kramer Shear Force of Restructured Beef

Collagen extractability and Kramer shear force were measured for raw and heated restructured beef products made with trimmed (epimysium removed) and untrimmed clods (triceps brachii, infraspinatus, and supraspinatus). Collagen extractability was significantly (p < 0.001) higher for untrimmed samples heated at 50°C than for trimmed samples. Kramer shear forces were significantly higher (p < 0.01) for untrimmed than trimmed when raw or heated at 35°C, 45°C, WC, and 55°C. Collagen extractabilities showed no distinct changes with temperature for trimmed samples. Collagen extractability of untrimmed samples increased then decreased as heating temperature increased. Kramer shear forces decreased between 55°C and 60°C for both trimmed and untrimmed samples.