Bioactive Ca-P scaffolds used for bone reconstruction

1　INTRODUCTIONSkeletalreconstructionorregenerationisre quiredincasesinvolvinglargedefectscreatedbytu morresection ,trauma ,andskeletalabnormalities .Graftsandflapsofautogenoustissuearetwoofthemostsuccessfulmeansofreconstructionbecausetheyallowthetransplantationofbonecontainingbioactivemolecules,livecells ,andfrequently ,avascularsup plythatallowthetransplanttosurviveandremodeleveninhostileradiatedenvironments .However ,onlyaminimalamountoftissuecanbeharvestedforauto grafts,anditisverydiff…     

Hesperidin Promotes Osteogenesis and Modulates Collagen Matrix Organization and Mineralization In Vitro and In Vivo

This study evaluated the direct effect of a phytochemical, hesperidin, on pre-osteoblast cell function as well as osteogenesis and collagen matrix quality, as there is little known about hesperidin’s influence in mineralized tissue formation and regeneration. Hesperidin was added to a culture of MC3T3-E1 cells at various concentrations. Cell proliferation, viability, osteogenic gene expression and deposited collagen matrix analyses were performed. Treatment with hesperidin showed significant upregulation of osteogenic markers, particularly with lower doses. Mature and compact collagen fibrils in hesperidin-treated cultures were observed by picrosirius red staining (PSR), although a thinner matrix layer was present for the higher dose of hesperidin compared to osteogenic media alone. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated a better mineral-to-matrix ratio and matrix distribution in cultures exposed to hesperidin and confirmed less collagen deposited with the 100-µM dose of hesperidin. In vivo, hesperidin combined with a suboptimal dose of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) (dose unable to promote healing of a rat mandible critical-sized bone defect) in a collagenous scaffold promoted a well-controlled (not ectopic) pattern of bone formation as compared to a large dose of BMP2 (previously defined as optimal in healing the critical-sized defect, although of ectopic nature). PSR staining of newly formed bone demonstrated that hesperidin can promote maturation of bone organic matrix. Our findings show, for the first time, that hesperidin has a modulatory role in mineralized tissue formation via not only osteoblast cell differentiation but also matrix organization and matrix-to-mineral ratio and could be a potential adjunct in regenerative bone therapies.     

Is LRP2 Involved in Leptin Transport over the Blood-Brain Barrier and Development of Obesity?

The mechanisms underlying the transport of leptin into the brain are still largely unclear. While the leptin receptor has been implicated in the transport process, recent evidence has suggested an additional role of LRP2 (megalin). To evaluate the function of LRP2 for leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we developed a novel leptin-luciferase fusion protein (pLG), which stimulated leptin signaling and was transported in an in vitro BBB model based on porcine endothelial cells. The LRP inhibitor RAP did not affect leptin transport, arguing against a role of LRP2. In line with this, the selective deletion of LRP2 in brain endothelial cells and epithelial cells of the choroid plexus did not influence bodyweight, body composition, food intake, or energy expenditure of mice. These findings suggest that LRP2 at the BBB is not involved in the transport of leptin into the brain, nor in the development of obesity as has previously been described.     

Liver Lipids of Patients with Hepatitis B and C and Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains a difficult to cure malignancy. In recent years, the focus has shifted to lipid metabolism for the treatment of HCC. Very little is known about hepatitis B virus (HBV) and C virus (HCV)-related hepatic lipid disturbances in non-malignant and cancer tissues. The present study showed that triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations were similar in tumor adjacent HBV and HCV liver, and were not induced in the HCC tissues. Higher levels of free cholesterol, polyunsaturated phospholipids and diacylglycerol species were noted in non-tumorous HBV compared to HCV liver. Moreover, polyunsaturated phospholipids and diacylglycerols, and ceramides declined in tumors of HBV infected patients. All of these lipids remained unchanged in HCV-related HCC. In HCV tumors, polyunsaturated phosphatidylinositol levels were even induced. There were no associations of these lipid classes in non-tumor tissues with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis scores. Moreover, these lipids did not correlate with tumor grade or T-stage in HCC tissues. Lipid reprogramming of the three analysed HBV/HCV related tumors mostly resembled HBV-HCC. Indeed, lipid composition of non-tumorous HCV tissue, HCV tumors, HBV tumors and HBV/HCV tumors was highly similar. The tumor suppressor protein p53 regulates lipid metabolism. The p53 and p53S392 protein levels were induced in the tumors of HBV, HCV and double infected patients, and this was significant in HBV infection. Negative correlation of tumor p53 protein with free cholesterol indicates a role of p53 in cholesterol metabolism. In summary, the current study suggests that therapeutic strategies to target lipid metabolism in chronic viral hepatitis and associated cancers have to consider disease etiology.     

The Effect of Small Additions of Fe and Heavy Deformation on the Precipitation in an Al–1.1Mg–0.5Cu–0.3Si At. Pct Alloy

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The effect of 0.03 and 0.08 at. pct Fe additions on the formation of secondary phases in an Al–1.1Mg–0.5Cu–0.3Si at. pct alloy was...     

Improved methods for evaluating the molar mass distributions of cellulose in kraft pulp

Multi‐angle laser light scattering (MALLS) was used to characterize birch kraft pulps with respect to their absolute molecular mass distributions (MMDs). The pulps were dissolved in lithium chloride/N,N‐dimethylacetamide and separated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The weight‐average and number‐average molecular masses of the cellulose fractions of the pulps obtained from the absolute MALLS measurements were compared with the molar masses obtained by direct‐standard‐calibration relative pullulan standards. Discrepancies between the two detection methods were found, and two ways of correlating the relative pullulan molar masses to the absolute molar masses were examined. In the first method, the correlation was made over a large range of molecular masses. The second method correlated the molecular masses of the standards to the molecular masses of samples by the calculation of fictitious, cellulose‐equivalent molar masses of the standards. With the preferred second method, a more correct MMD of kraft pulp samples could, therefore, be obtained from an SEC system calibrated with narrow standards. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1170–1179, 2003     

Calcium silicate hydrate—in-situ development of the silicate structure followed by infrared spectroscopy

In the current study, the development of the silicate structure of synthetic calcium silicate hydrates with different calcium contents was followed by in-situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy and correlated to the in-situ phase development evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). A baseline correction method initially developed for X-ray diffractograms was successfully adapted for the complex background of the fingerprint region in in-situ IR, which significantly contributed to signal quality and reproducibility. The development of separate silicate infrared bands could be monitored over 24 h of reaction. These bands could be assigned to oligomeric and dimeric species based on their time and stoichiometry-dependent development. It was clearly shown that the main peak of the dimeric silicate species was overlooked in the literature. The correlation of time-dependent events to in-situ XRD revealed that changes in the unit cell of calcium silicate hydrate are related to silicate polymerization. The results were compared to ²⁹Si-MAS-NMR, which highlighted the benefits of in-situ IR spectroscopy.     

Host Plant Constancy in Ovipositing Manduca sexta

Journal of Chemical Ecology - Many pollinating insects exhibit flower constancy, i.e. they target flower species they have already experienced and fed from. While the insects might profit from...     

Atomic force microscopy at ambient and liquid conditions with stiff sensors and small amplitudes

We report on atomic force microscopy (AFM) in ambient and liquid environments with the qPlus sensor, a force sensor based on a quartz tuning fork with an all-electrical deflection measurement scheme. Small amplitudes, stiff sensors with bulk diamond tips and high Q values in air and liquid allow to obtain high resolution images. The noise sources in air and liquid are analyzed and compared for standard silicon cantilevers and qPlus sensors. First, epitaxial graphene was imaged in air, showing atomic steps with 3 A? height and ridges. As a second sample system, measurements on calcite (CaCO(3)) in liquids were performed in water and polyethylenglycol (PEG). We demonstrate high resolution images of steps in PEG on calcite and nanolithography processes, in particular with frequency-modulation AFM the controlled dissolution of calcite monolayers.