Fisher ratio method applied to third-order separation data to identify significant chemical components of metabolite extracts

This report is about applying a Fisher ratio method to entire four dimensional (4D) data sets from third-order instrumentation data. The Fisher ratio method uses a novel indexing scheme to discover the unknown chemical differences among known classes of complex samples. This is the first report of a Fisher ratio analysis procedure applied to entire 4D data sets of third-order separation data, which, in this case, is comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses of metabolite extracts using all of the collected mass channels. Current analysis methods for third-order separation data use only user-defined subsets of the 4D data set. First, in a validation study, the Fisher ratio method was demonstrated to objectively evaluate and determine the chemical differences between three controlled urine samples that differed by known spiked chemical components. It was determined that, out of more than 600 recognizable chemical components in a single sample, the six spiked components, along with only two other matrix components, differed most significantly in concentration among the control samples. In a second study, the Fisher ratio method was used in a novel application to discover the unknown chemical differences between urine metabolite samples from pregnant women and nonpregnant women. A brief list of the top 11 components that were most significantly different in concentration between the pregnant and nonpregnant samples was generated. Because the Fisher ratio calculation statistically differentiates regions of the chromatogram with large class-to-class variations from regions containing large within-class variations, the Fisher ratio method should generally be robust against biological diversity in a sample population. Indeed, application of principal component analysis in this second study failed due to biological diversity of the samples.     

Understanding of Void Formation in Cu/Sn-Sn/Cu System During Transient Liquid Phase Bonding Process Through Diffusion Modeling

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - Transient Liquid Phase (TPL) bounding of Sn foil sandwiched between two Cu foils involves, in the temperature range above the melting point of Sn...     

Procedural generation of villages on arbitrary terrains

Although procedural modeling of cities has attracted a lot of attention for the past decade, populating arbitrary landscapes with non-urban settlements remains an open problem. In this work, we focus on the modeling of small, European villages that took benefit of terrain features to settle in safe, sunny or simply convenient places. We introduce a three step procedural generation method. First, an iterative process based on interest maps is used to progressively generate settlement seeds and the roads that connect them. The fact that a new road attracts settlers while a new house often leads to some extension of the road network is taken into account. Then, an anisotropic conquest method is introduced to segment the land into parcels around settlement seeds. Finally, we introduce open shape grammar to generate 3D geometry that adapts to the local slope. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by generating different kinds of village on arbitrary terrains, from a mountain hamlet to a fisherman village, and validate through comparison with real data.     

Generating geologically realistic 3D reservoir facies models using deep learning of sedimentary architecture with generative adversarial networks

This paper proposes a novel approach for generating 3-dimensional complex geological facies models based on deep generative models. It can reproduce a wide range of conceptual geological models while possessing the flexibility necessary to honor constraints such as well data. Compared with existing geostatistics-based modeling methods, our approach produces realistic subsurface facies architecture in 3D using a state-of-the-art deep learning method called generative adversarial networks (GANs). GANs couple a generator with a discriminator, and each uses a deep convolutional neural network. The networks are trained in an adversarial manner until the generator can create “fake” images that the discriminator cannot distinguish from “real” images. We extend the original GAN approach to 3D geological modeling at the reservoir scale. The GANs are trained using a library of 3D facies models. Once the GANs have been trained, they can generate a variety of geologically realistic facies models constrained by well data interpretations. This geomodelling approach using GANs has been tested on models of both complex fluvial depositional systems and carbonate reservoirs that exhibit progradational and aggradational trends. The results demonstrate that this deep learning-driven modeling approach can capture more realistic facies architectures and associations than existing geostatistical modeling methods, which often fail to reproduce heterogeneous nonstationary sedimentary facies with apparent depositional trend.     

The binding of some human antiendothelial cell antibodies induces endothelial cell apoptosis

The pathogenic role of antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECA) remains unclear. They are frequently associated with antibodies to anionic phospholipids (PL), such as phosphatidylserine (PS), which is difficult to reconcile with the distribution of PL molecular species within the plasma membrane. Since it is already known that PS is transferred to the outer face of the membrane as a preclude to apoptosis, the possibility exists that apoptosis is initiated by AECA. AECA-positive/anti-PL antibody-negative sera from eight patients with systemic sclerosis (SS) and 21 control patients were evaluated. Endothelial cells (EC) were incubated with AECA and the exposure of PS was established through the binding of annexin V. Hypoploid cell enumeration, DNA fragmentation, and optical and ultrastructural analyses of EC were used to confirm apoptosis. Incubation of EC with AECA derived from six of eight patients with SS led to the expression of PS on the surface of the cells. This phenomenon was significantly more frequent in SS (P < 0.04) than in control diseases. The redistribution of plasma membrane PS preceded other events associated with apoptosis: hypoploidy, DNA fragmentation, and morphology characteristic for apoptosis. Apoptosis-inducing AECA did not recognize the Fas receptor. We conclude that AECA may be pathogenic by inducing apoptosis.     

知识管理的办公自动化与新的管理革命

办公自动化的发展过程和知识管理新产品的剖析 ,展现了知识管理的理念、作用和意义 ,说明知识管理的办公自动化是办公自动化发展的方向 ,并将带来管理领域的一次革命。根据我国办公自动化发展的现状 ,呼吁国人做好迎接知识管理时代到来的准备     

Constrained sintering of alumina stripe patterns on rigid substrates: Effect of stripe geometry

The sintering behaviour of alumina stripes deposited on sapphire substrates by micromolding in capillaries – a soft lithographic method – with lateral dimensions from 10 to 500 μm and thicknesses between 7 μm and 32 μm was studied. Unlike in continuous films, the lateral sintering strain is not negligible, thus reducing the constraint imposed by the substrate. Lateral shrinkage depends on the stripe width and thickness. The degree of constraint exerted on alumina stripes by a rigid sapphire substrate was investigated by comparing the lateral and vertical strains and is found to be dependent on stripe geometry. The formation of a delaminated, highly dense edge zone was observed at the free boundaries. Its influence on overall densification and local density distribution depends on its extension compared to the total film width. A gradient in local density was found that varied both with stripe thickness and width as predicted by finite element and discrete element simulations.     

Constrained sintering of BaLa4Ti4O15 thick films: Pore and grain anisotropy

Constrained sintering of BaLa₄Ti₄O₁₅ (BLT) thick films on flexible platinum foil and on rigid BLT substrate showed enhanced grain growth and anisotropic microstructure development when compared with bulk samples having similar green packing and sintered under the same conditions. The evolution of the microstructural parameters (grain and pore shape, orientation) during densification and their correlation was investigated in films and compared with the morphological evolution in bulk samples. It is then expected that the appropriate choice of substrate will allow designing tailored microstructures of functional thick films with optimized performance.     

Techno-Economic Analysis for Production of L-Arabitol from L-Arabinose

The process design for synthesis of arabitol by hydrogenation of arabinose on a supported ruthenium catalyst is described. Aspen HYSYS software was used to design an arabitol production plant for subsequent generation of hydrogen through aqueous phase reforming (APR). The process design included hydrogen recycling requiring a flash drum and recompression. The total costs of arabitol were estimated to be substantially dependent on the feedstock costs and are closely related to arabinose feed cost. Feasible production of hydrogen using APR requires efficient extraction of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass and subsequent hydrolysis.     

Simple Fabrication and Characterization of Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composite for Lightweight Heat Sink Applications

The constant increase in power and heat flux densities encountered in electronic devices fuels a rising demand for lightweight heat sink materials with suitable thermal properties.In this study,discontinuous pitch-based carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix(Al-CF) composites with aluminum–silicon alloy(Al–Si) were fabricated through hot pressing.The small amount of Al–Si contributed to enhance the sintering process in order to achieve fully dense Al–CF composites.A thermal conductivity and CTE of 258 W/(m K) and 7.0 9 10-6/K in the in-plane direction of the carbon fibers were obtained for a(Al95 vol%+ Al–Si5 vol%)-CF50 vol%composite.Carbon fiber provides the reducing of CTE while the conservation of thermal conductivity and weight of Al.The achieved CTEs satisfy the standard requirements for a heat sink material,which furthermore possess a specific thermal conductivity of 109 W cm3/(m K g).This simple process allows the low-cost fabrication of Al–CF composite,which is applicable for a lightweight heat sink material.