220GHz低噪声放大器研究

基于IHP锗硅BiCMOS工艺,研究和实现了两种220 GHz低噪声放大器电路,并将其应用于220 GHz太赫兹无线高速通信收发机电路。一种是220 GHz四级单端共基极低噪声放大电路,每级电路采用了共基极（Common Base, CB）电路结构,利用传输线和金属-绝缘体-金属(Metal-Insulator-Metal, MIM)电容等无源电路元器件构成输入、输出和级间匹配网络。该低噪放电源的电压为1.8 V,功耗为25 mW,在220 GHz频点处实现了16 dB的增益,3 dB带宽达到了27 GHz。另一种是220 GHz四级共射共基差分低噪声放大电路,每级都采用共射共基的电路结构,放大器利用微带传输线和MIM电容构成每级的负载、Marchand-Balun、输入、输出和级间匹配网络等。该低噪放电源的电压为3 V,功耗为234 mW,在224 GHz频点实现了22 dB的增益,3 dB带宽超过6 GHz。这两个低噪声放大器可应用于220 GHz太赫兹无线高速通信收发机电路。     

Time‐resolved investigation of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 growth and Ga gradient formation during fast selenisation of metallic precursors

Ga segregation at the backside of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ solar cell absorbers is a commonly observed phenomenon for a large variety of sequential fabrication processes. Here, we investigate the correlation between Se incorporation, phase formation and Ga segregation during fast selenisation of Cu–In–Ga precursor films in elemental selenium vapour. Se incorporation and phase formation are analysed by real‐time synchrotron‐based X‐ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis. Correlations between phase formation and depth distributions are gained by interrupting the process at several points and by subsequent ex situ cross‐sectional electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The presented results reveal that the main share of Se incorporation takes place within a few seconds during formation of In–Se at the top part of the film, accompanied by outdiffusion of In out of a ternary Cu–In–Ga phase. Surprisingly, CuInSe₂ starts to form at the surface on top of the In–Se layer, leading to an intermediate double graded Cu depth distribution. The remaining Ga‐rich metal phase at the back is finally selenised by indiffusion of Se. On the basis of a proposed growth model, we discuss possible strategies and limitations for the avoidance of Ga segregation during fast selenisation of metallic precursors. Solar cells made from samples selenised with a total annealing time of 6.5 min reached conversion efficiencies of up to 14.2 % (total area, without anti‐reflective coating). The evolution of the Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ diffraction signals reveals that the minimum process time for high‐quality Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ absorbers is limited by cation ordering rather than Se incorporation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Einflu? des Erhitzens auf L?slichkeit und Elektrophoreseverhalten der Sarkoplasmaproteine von Rind- und Schweinefleisch

Zusammenfassung Die Hitzestabilität der Sarkoplasmaproteine bei Rind- und Schweinefleisch wurde anhand der Löslichkeit und der Proteinmuster nach elektrophoretischer Auftrennung untersucht. Als Untersuchungsmethoden kamen die Proteinbestimmung nach Bradford und die isoelektrische Focussierung in rehydratierbaren Polyacrylamidgelen zur Anwendung. Die focussierten Proteine wurden mit Hilfe der Silberfärbung sichtbar gemacht. Die Gesamtproteinkonzentrationen der Extrakte verringerten sich bis zu einer Temperatur von 80°C mit zunehmender Höhe und Dauer der Hitzebelastung. Bei den auf 100°C erhitzten Proben nahmen die Proteinkonzentrationen wieder geringfügig zu. Die Intensität der Proteinbanden nahm allgemein mit steigender Temperatur und Erhitzungszeit ab. Die deutlichsten Änderungen der Bandenmuster zeigten sich im untersuchten Temperaturbereich bei dem auf 100°C erhitzten Fleisch. Durch eine Nacherhitzung der Fleischproben konnten erhitzungsbedingte Unterschiede in den Bandenmuster ausgeglichen werden. Auf diese Weise ist eine elektrophoretische Tierartenidentifizierung bei erhitztem Fleisch unabhängig von der Kenntnis der Erhitzungsbedingungen möglich.

---

Influence of heat on solubility and electrophoretic behaviour of sarcoplasmic proteins of beef and pork

Summary The heat stability of sarcoplasmic proteins of beef and pork was investigated by means of their solubility and their protein patterns after electrophoretic separation. The method of determination of proteins described by Bradford and isoelectric focusing in rehydratable polyacrylamide gels were used for these investigations. The electrofocused proteins were visualized by silver staining. The concentration of total protein of the extracts decreased with increase in temperature and heating time (up to a temperature of 80° C). However the protein concentration increased in samples heated to 100° C. The intensity of the protein bands decreased with increasing temperature and heating time. In the investigated range of temperature, variations in protein patterns were most significant in meat heated to 100° C. Differences of protein pattern caused by different heating conditions could be equalized by a second heating of the samples. In this way it is possible to identify meat species without knowing the heating conditions.

     

Stereoisomere Aromastoffe

Zusammenfassung Es werden Methoden zur racemisie-rungsfreien Stereodifferenzierung der 2-Methylbuttersäure (direkt bzw. nach Esterhydrolyse) aus Äpfeln und apfelhaltigen Lebensmitteln beschrieben. Die Enantiomerenverteilung der 2-Methylbuttersäure kann direkt an permethylierter-Cyclodextrinphase gaschromatogra-phisch bestimmt werden. Es wird stets hoher Enantiomerenüberschuß zugunsten des (S)-Isomeren der Säure nachgewiesen. Proben von naturidentischem und natürlichem (biotechnologisch hergestelltem) 2-Methyl-buttersäureethylester sowie Äpfel, Apfelsaft, Apfellikör, Calvados, Apfelwein, Apfelmarmelade und Joghurts mit Apfelzusatz werden untersucht. Ein Zusatz von naturidentischen, racemischen 2-Methylbuttersäureestern ist einfach nachweisbar.

---

Stereoisomeric flavour compounds. XLII. Enantiomer distribution of 2-methylbutanoic acid in apples and apple-containing food

Summary The direct Stereodifferentiation of 2-methyl-butanoic acid and its esters (after hydrolysis) from apples and apple-containing food is described, using permethyl-ated-cyclodextrin as the chiral CGC phase. In all cases, high enantiomeric excess in favour of the (S)-enantiomer was ascertained. The method is applicable to apples, apple juice, apple liquor, calvados, apple wine, apple jam and apple-containing yoghurts. The addition of race-mic (nature-identical) esters may be easily detected.

     

Zur Problematik der selektiven Erfassung von PSP-Toxinen aus Muscheln

Zusammenfassung Die Messung der PSP-Belastung (paralytic shellfish poisoning) von Schalentieren erfolgt vor allem mit Hilfe des Maus-Biotestes. Um PSP-Toxine sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ besser bestimmen zu können, wurden chromatographische Verfahren mit Fluorescenzdetektion entwickelt. Diese HPLC-Methoden sowie die Kopplung HPLC/MS gelangten zum Einsatz, um in spanischen Muschelkonserven ein neben Saxitoxin vermutetes zweites PSP-Toxin nachzuweisen. Es zeigte sich, daß in den 1986 in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wegen zu hoher PSP-Konzentrationen beanstandeten Muschelkonserven vor allem Decarbamoyl-Saxitoxin enthalten war.

---

The problem of the selective determination of PSP-toxins in mussels

Summary Levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish are routinely determined by mouse bioassay: In order to improve the qualitative and quantitative determination of PSP toxins, Chromatographic techniques with fluorescence detection have been developed. These HPLC methods and the HPLC/MS coupling were used to determine a second PSP toxin which was found, in addition to saxitoxin, in canned Spanish mussels. These canned mussels were rejected in 1986 by the German food control because PSP concentrations were too high. It has been shown that these samples contained mainly dc-saxitoxin.

---

---

Herrn Professor Dr. A. Montag zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet     

245 GHz接收机芯片片外测试与实验

为了实现太赫兹气体频谱分析传感器,对245 GHz次谐波接收机芯片的片外测试展开研究。建立了245 GHz次谐波接收机片外测试系统以及基于245 GHz接收机芯片及发射机芯片的气体频谱分析传感器片外展示测试系统,对245 GHz次谐波接收机芯片转换增益和带宽进行测试。片外测试系统得到15 dB转换增益和15 GHz带宽;片外展示测试系统得到9 dB转换增益和16 GHz带宽。片外测试系统和片外展示测试系统结果基本吻合。在片外展示测试系统中加入气腔,即构成气体频谱分析传感器。与现有同类型传感器相比,本文的次谐波接收机具有高增益、高带宽、集成本地振荡信号、低功耗等优势,非常适用于消费电子领域小体积的智能气体频谱分析传感器。     

Polylactide‐block‐Polypeptide‐block‐Polylactide Copolymer Nanoparticles with Tunable Cleavage and Controlled Drug Release

A versatile nanoparticle system is presented in which drug release is triggered by enzymatic polymer cleavage, resulting in a physicochemical change of the carrier. The polylactide‐block‐peptide‐block‐polylactide triblock copolymer is generated by initiation of the ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide with a complex bifunctional peptide having an enzymatic recognition and cleavage site (Pro‐Leu‐Gly‐Leu‐Ala‐Gly). This triblock copolymer is specifically bisected by matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2), an enzyme overexpressed in tumor tissues. Triblock copolymer nanoparticles formed by nonaqueous emulsion polymerization are readily transferred into aqueous media without aggregation, even in the presence of blood serum. Cleavage of the triblock copolymer leads to a significant decrease of the glass transition temperature (T_g) from 39 °C to 31 °C, likely mediating cargo release under physiological conditions. Selective drug targeting is demonstrated by hampered mitosis and increased cell death resulting from drug release via MMP‐2 specific cleavage of triblock copolymer carrier. On the contrary, nanocarriers having a scrambled (non‐recognizable) peptide sequence do not cause enhanced cytotoxicity, demonstrating the enzyme‐specific cleavage and subsequent drug release. The unique physicochemical properties, cleavage‐dependent cargo release, and tunability of carrier bioactivity by simple peptide exchange highlight the potential of this polymer‐nanoparticle concept as platform for custom‐designed carrier systems.     

Ortho‐ vs Bay‐Functionalization: A Comparative Study on Tetracyano‐Terrylenediimides

In this paper n‐type semiconductors synthesized via selective fourfold cyanation of the ortho‐ and bay‐positions (2,5,10,13‐ and 1,6,9,14‐positions respectively) of teyrrylenediimides are reported. A detailed study about the impact of the diverse functionalization topologies on the optoelectronic properties, self‐organization from solution, solid‐state packing, and charge carrier transport in field‐effect transistors is presented. The ortho‐substitution preserves the planarity of the core and favors high order in solution processed films. However, the strong intermolecular interactions lead to a microstructure with large aggregates and pronounced grain boundaries which lower the charge carrier transport in transistors. In contrast, the well‐soluble bay‐functionalized terrylenediimide forms only disordered films which surprisingly result in n‐type average mobilities of 0.17 cm²/Vs after drop‐casting with similar values in air. Processing by solvent vapor diffusion enhances the transport to 0.65 cm²/Vs by slight improvement of the order and surface arrangement of the molecules. This mobility is comparable to highest n‐type conductivities measured for solution processed PDI derivatives demonstrating the high potential of TDI‐based semiconductors.     

Polyphenylene Dendrimer‐Templated In Situ Construction of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Rice‐Shaped Architectures

A novel dendrimer‐templating method for the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and the in situ construction of ordered inorganic–organic CuO–G2Td(COOH)₁₆rice‐shaped architectures (RSAs) with analogous monocrystalline structures are reported. The primary CuO nanoparticles are linked by the G2Td(COOH)₁₆ dendrimer. This method provides a way to preserve the original properties of primary CuO nanoparticles in the ordered hybrid nanomaterials by using the 3D rigid polyphenylene dendrimer (G2Td(COOH)₁₆) as a space isolation. The primary CuO nanoparticles with diameter of (6.3 ± 0.4) nm are synthesized via four successive reaction steps starting from the rapid reduction of Cu(NO₃)₂ by using NaBH₄ as reducer and G2Td(COOH)₁₆ as surfactant. The obtained hybrid CuO–G2Td(COOH)₁₆ RSA, formed in the last reaction step, possesses a crystal structure analogous to a monocrystal as observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). In particular, the formation process of the RSA is monitored by UV–vis, TEM, and X‐ray diffraction. Small angle X‐ray scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to investigate the role of the dendrimer in the RSA formation process. The obtained results illuminate that Cu²⁺? COO^? coordination bonds play an indispensable role in bridging and dispersing the primary CuO nanoparticles to induce and maintain the hybrid RSA. More importantly, the RSA is retained through the Cu²⁺? COO^?coordination bonds even with HCl treatment, suggesting that the dendrimers and Cu²⁺ ions may form rice‐shaped polymeric complexes which could template the assembly of CuO nanoparticles towards RSAs. This study highlights the feasibility and flexibility of employing the peculiar dendrimers to in‐situ build up hybrid architectures which could further serve as templates, containers or nanoreactors for the synthesis of other nanomaterials.     

An integrated 8-12 GHz fractional-N frequency synthesizer in SiGe BiCMOS for satellite communications

We present an integrated fractional-N low-noise frequency synthesizer for satellite applications. By using two integrated VCOs and combining digital and analog tuning techniques, a PLL lock range from 8 to 12 GHz is achieved. Due to a small VCO fine tuning gain and optimized charge pump output biasing, the phase noise is low and almost constant over the tuning range. All 16 sub-bands show a tuning range above 900 MHz each, allowing temperature compensation without sub-band switching. This makes the synthesizer robust against variations of the device parameters with process, supply voltage, temperature and aging. The measured phase noise is ?87 dBc/Hz and ?106 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz and 1 MHz offset, respectively. In integer-N mode, phase noise values down to ?98 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz and ?111 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, respectively, were measured.