Asymmetric gas separation membranes were prepared by the dry-casting technique from PEEKWC, a modified amorphous glassy poly(ether ether ketone). The phase inversion process and membrane performance were correlated to the properties of the polymer and the casting solution (molar mass, polymer concentration, solution rheology and thermodynamics). It was found that a broad molar mass distribution of the polymer in the casting solution is most favourable for the formation of a highly selective membrane with a dense skin and a porous sub-layer. Thus, membranes with an effective skin thickness of less than 1 μm were obtained, exhibiting a maximum O2/N2 selectivity of 7.2 and a CO2/CH4 selectivity of 39, both significantly higher than in a corresponding thick dense PEEKWC membrane and also comparable to or higher than that of the most commonly used polymers for gas separation membranes. The CO2 and O2 permeance were up to 9.5×10−3 and 1.8×10−3 m3/(m2 h bar) (3.5 and 0.67 GPU), respectively. 相似文献
Blends of polyamide 6 (PA6) and polycarbonate (PC) have been investigated, over a full range of composition, to check interactions between them. SEM observations show that the mixtures are characterized by domains of clearly segregated homophases and voids between the two polymers. DSC and DMTA data indicate the presence of two Tg' s, corresponding to two separate phases, with the Tg of the PC phase decreasing on increasing the PA6 amount. Moreover, the crystallization kinetics of PA6 is slightly showed down by the PC. Chemical reactions between the two polymers are supposed to give rise to low molar mass compounds, as shown by GPC; these species plasticize the PC and partially dissolve into the molten polyamide, causing decrease of PC Tg and reduction of overall crystallization rate of PA6. Apparent influence of PC on melting temperature and enthalpy of PA6 is also discussed. 相似文献
The addition reactions of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide catalyzed by KOH and initiated with compounds containing free hydroxyls are followed by secondary reactions which vary the expected molecular weight. By using ethylene oxide, diols are formed and by using propylene oxide, both diols and unsaturated monofunctional compounds are formed. These products are usually characterized by their hydroxyl number. The average molecular weight is found by taking into consideration the starter functionality only. There are often some behavioral differences among similar products owing to the different quantity and chain length of the secondary products contained therein. The secondary products are analyzed and the quantity of the secondary products were determined from the hydroxyl number values and from the unsaturation of reagents and products. In the case of monofunctional adducts using the calculation method, the results have been experimentally confirmed. 相似文献
An experimental study was carried out on the ultrafiltration (UF) of protein-containing solutions under different conditions, as compared with a solution of a linear synthetic polymer. Three different fluidynamic regimes were investigated, namely, unstirred batch system, stirred batch system, and recirculating system. The results obtained substantially agree with the predictions of the gel polarization model. A significant effect of the electrolytes on the UF flux has been observed, which can be attributed to solute–solute interaction. The influence of different UF membranes has also been investigated. 相似文献
Summary: The success of the use of layered silicates in polymer nanocomposites, to improve physical and chemical properties is strictly related to a deeper knowledge of the mechanistic aspects on which the final features are grounded. This work shows the temperature induced structural rearrangements of nanocomposites based on poly[ethylene‐co‐(vinyl acetate)] (EVA) intercalated‐organomodified clay (at 3–30 wt.‐% silicate addition) which occur in the range between 75 and 350 °C. In situ high temperature X‐ray diffraction (HT‐XRD) studies have been performed under both nitrogen and air to monitor the modifications of the nanocomposite structure at increasing temperatures under inert/oxidative atmosphere. Heating between 75 and 225 °C, under nitrogen or air, causes the layered silicate to migrate towards the nanocomposite surface and to increase its interlayer distance. The degradation of both the clay organomodifier and the VA units of the EVA polymer seems to play a key role in driving the evolution of the silicate phase in the low temperature range. The structural modifications of the nanocomposites in the high temperature range (250–350 °C), depended on the atmosphere, either inert or oxidizing, in which the samples were heated. Heating under nitrogen led to deintercalation and thus a decrease of the silicate interlayer space, whereas exfoliation was the main process under air leading to an increase of the silicate interlayer space.
Heat induced structural modification of EVA‐clay nanocomposite under nitrogen and air. 相似文献
The thermodynamic properties of polymer solutions are frequently described in terms of the Flory-Huggins equation. This equation includes a parameter χ, which depends upon the intermolecular forces acting between the molecules in a solution. The experimental determination of χ was performed by an improved microtechnique and extended to a wide range of polar and nonpolar diluents of polyethylene. Careful correlations are prescribed for calculating χ from pure-component properties; they are based on an extension of the Hildebrand-Scatchard theory of solutions and on the theory of intermolecular forces. Polar (τ) and nonpolar (δ) solubility parameters are presented for a variety of solvents. For polyethylene—nonpolar solvent systems we have emphasized the factor deciding the sign of heat of mixing, while for polyethylene-polar solvent systems we have determined the contribution of dipole-induced dipole interactions ψ (δτ) in interchange-energy density B and, hence, χ. 相似文献
A novel process for the production of ceramic microtubes involving the microextrusion of preceramic polymers was studied. Microtubes with a wide range of inner and outer diameters and several centimeters long were produced from two silicone resins. A coextrusion approach was also used to extend the forming capability of the technique. The addition of carbon black resulted in electrically conductive silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramic microtubes. SiOC microtubes possessed a high bending strength, ranging from ∼30–1100 MPa. 相似文献
Perovskite-type LaxLn1−x″CoO3 oxides are prepared by the thermal decomposition of LaxLn1−x″ [Co(CN)6] · nH2O hetero-nuclear complexes. Except for LaCoO3 (hexagonal), the structures observed for LaxSm1−xCoO3 are othorhombic. While the perovskite-type oxide HoCoO3 is not formed by decomposition at 1000°C of the corresponding hexacyano complex, the partial replacing of Ho with La is effective in forming the pervoskite-type oxide having an orthorhombic structure containing Ho even at 800°C. A monotonous correlation (quasi-linear relationship) was found between the b- and c-lattice constants of the orthorhombic structures of the perovskite-type oxides and the effective radii of Ln ions, defined as reff = xr1.a + (1 − x)r1.0″. The distortion parameter for the orthorhombie cell (3″a/b−1) increaseswith decrease in reff and is expected to be 0.270 for perovskite-type HoCoO3. The crystal structure of the LaxLn1−x″, CoO3 oxides is mainly controlled by the effective radii of Ln ions. 相似文献
We introduce a framework for the generation of polygonal gridshell architectural structures, whose topology is designed in order to excel in static performances. We start from the analysis of stress on the input surface and we use the resulting tensor field to induce an anisotropic nonEuclidean metric over it. This metric is derived by studying the relation between the stress tensor over a continuous shell and the optimal shape of polygons in a corresponding gridshell. Polygonal meshes with uniform density and isotropic cells under this metric exhibit variable density and anisotropy in Euclidean space, thus achieving a better distribution of the strain energy over their elements. Meshes are further optimized taking into account symmetry and regularity of cells to improve aesthetics. We experiment with quad meshes and hexdominant meshes, demonstrating that our gridshells achieve better static performances than stateoftheart gridshells. 相似文献
We study a number of variants of an abstract scheduling problem inspired by the scheduling of reclaimers in the stockyard of a coal export terminal. We analyze the complexity of each of the variants, providing complexity proofs for some and polynomial algorithms for others. For one, especially interesting variant, we also develop a constant factor approximation algorithm. 相似文献