Characterization of the key fuel properties of methyl ester-diesel fuel blends

Characterizing of the fuel properties of diesel fuels, alternative fuels and their blends can assist the researchers who work on alternative fuels for diesel engines. Therefore, in this study, methyl esters were produced from five edible vegetable oils (sunflower, soybean, canola, corn and cottonseed) and blended with two different diesel fuels at 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 75% on a volume basis to characterize the key fuel properties of the blends such as density, viscosity, pour point, distillation temperatures and flash point. The results showed that the fuel properties of the blends were very close to those of diesel fuels at low concentrations upto 20% of methyl esters.     

The investigation of contact performance of oxide reinforced copper composite via mechanical alloying

In this study, the electrical performance of ODS Cu-based contact materials produced by mechanical alloying (MA) was investigated. Cu-based powder mixtures that contain various oxides at different proportions were milled by the high energy planetary ball mill for 5 h. Mechanically alloyed powder mixtures containing ZnO, Al₂O₃ and Y₂O₃ at the ratios of 1, 2, 4 and 6 wt.% were pressed and sintered at 800 °C in vacuum environment. These compacts were then forged axially at the ratio of 75% at 650 °C so as to increase the density. At the first step, electrical conductivity experiments were applied to these samples to determine the best conductivity. Results showed that, reinforced Cu samples containing 4% oxides exhibited the best. At the second step, contact count experiments were made with these samples for determining contact performance for the counts of 3000, 6000 and 9000 turn on/off. The samples of 4 wt.% ZnO, 4 wt.% Al₂O₃, 4 wt.% Y₂O₃ reinforced Cu materials, respectively, exhibited both the best conductivity and the best contact performances.     

Scheduling problems with the nonlinear effects of learning and deterioration

In this paper, we present both nonlinear job deterioration and nonlinear learning which exist simultaneously. Job deterioration and learning co-exist in many realistic scheduling situations. By the effects of learning and deterioration, we mean that the processing time of a job is defined by the increasing function of its execution start time and position in the sequence. The following objectives are considered: single-machine makespan and sum of completion times (square) and the maximum lateness. For the single-machine case, we derive polynomial time optimal solutions. For the case of an m-machine permutation flowshop, we present polynomial time optimal solutions for some special cases of the problems to minimize makespan and total completion time.     

A foam single-face pretreatment to modify silk fabric using EBODAC to improve inkjet printing performance

A novel foam single-face pretreatment was used to modify silk fabrics for improving inkjet printing performance without any washing process. The foams used in pretreatment process were prepared by foaming agent, as Tween 80 and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The compatibilities of the cationic modifier ethylene base-double octadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (EBODAC) agent with Tween 80 and SDS were investigated by comparing the foam properties at different EBODAC concentrations. The results show that Tween 80 is more compatible with EBODAC. The silk fabric surface is adhered with cationic groups after foam-treated with EBODAC, which improves the inkjet printing performances. The K/S values enhance from 5.84 to 8.21 with the increasing EBODAC concentrations. The printing images of treated fabrics perform more vivid than those of the controlled silk fabrics. The width and edges of practical printing lines become smaller and more definite, respectively. All these indicate that higher color yield and definition are achieved. The hand feeling after foam pretreatment is superior to that after pad pretreatment. The fastnesses are hardly affected after pretreatment. The foam-pretreatment provides a new pathway to improve the inkjet printing performance.     

Water-soluble cationic chitosan derivative to improve pigment-based inkjet printing and antibacterial properties for cellulose substrates

The water-soluble N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) was prepared by chitosan and glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis spectrum confirmed that glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride was grafted to the amino groups of chitosan via substitution reaction (Zhao et al., Int J Pharm 2010, 393, 268; Montazer and Afjeh, J Appl Polym Sci 2007, 103, 178). The obtained chitosan derivative was used to modify cotton fabrics for improving aqueous pigment-based inkjet printing and antibacterial properties. Scanning electron microscope images showed that HTCC was adhered onto the cotton fabrics surface and formed film structure. The K/S value on printed cotton substrates increased from 3.20 to 4.87, which indicated that higher color yield was achieved in this way. Modified samples performed better crocking fastness and laundering fastness than the control cotton fabrics. The line definition of modified cotton fabrics respectively, improved 16.5% and 12.6% in the warp and weft direction as the specified line width was 0.5 × 10³ μm. Samples also showed good antibacterial potential, the inhibitory rate for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were both more than 95% when the concentration of HTCC used in the pretreatment solution was 0.8%. The antibacterial effect was found to be durable for 20 laundering cycles. However, the hand feeling of modified cotton fabrics presented a slight decrease. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

舰船电力系统图迹分析重构算法

为了提高舰船战斗过程中的生存能力,要求其电力系统具有良好的自动恢复能力。采用图迹分析(GTA)方法建立船舶综合电力系统GTA模型,将其存储在计算机内存容器中,容器外的算法通过迭代器获取容器内组件信息,并将计算结果通过迭代器赋给容器内的组件。算法可以处理具有回路的电力系统及其负载具有多优先级的重构问题,在保障高优先级负载供电的前提下恢复尽可能多的负载的供电。通过典型舰船故障案例验证了所提出算法的可行性和有效性。     

用89C2051构成智能仪表的键显接口

给出了一种采用89C2051单片机的智能仪表键显接口电路的设计，其功能为：驱动16位LED数码管及8个LED发光二极管；采集32个按键。其特点为：实现了键显接口的智能化；电路硬件结构简单且价廉。     

Mechanism and properties of coloured nanoscale SiO2 prepared from silica and reactive dyes

KH560‐modified SiO₂ was prepared using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and γ‐(2,3‐epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane (KH560) by the sol–gel method and then coloured with CI Reactive Blue 4 (X‐BR) to prepare coloured nanoscale SiO₂. The antisolvent performance and the results of cross‐polarisation/magic angle spinning ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the reaction of X‐BR with KH560‐modified SiO₂ is a two‐step process: X‐BR is firstly adsorbed by KH560‐modified SiO₂ via van der Waals forces, and then nucleophilic substitution occurs between dichloro triazine and the epoxy group. The grafting ratio of X‐BR on KH560‐modified SiO₂ reached 95% under optimum conditions, i.e. a mass ratio of KH560 to TEOS of 20%, a temperature of 40 °C, a pH of 8.5, and a reaction time of 5 h. X‐ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy showed that the coloured nanoscale SiO₂ was amorphous, with a mean diameter of 216 nm. Experimental application showed that the coloured nanoscale SiO₂ had excellent stability to solvents and alkaline solution, and the absorptive capacity of the coloured nanoscale SiO₂ in the 200–400 nm region was higher than that of X‐BR. The light fastness of the coloured nanoscale SiO₂ reached 5–6 grade.