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91.
The effects of potassium on the catalytic behavior in CO hydrogenation over K-promoted Fe/carbon catalysts having low K/Fe
ratios were investigated. Even though the doses of potassium were low the promotional effects were pronounced, especially
on the olefin-to-paraffin ratio, and theC
3
toC
4
olefin selectivities of the K-promoted catalysts were as high as 51 to 66 mol%. Over the catalysts having no or low potassium
content the olefin-to-paraffin ratio and the ratio of the CO2 formation rate to the rate of CO conversion to hydrocarbons remained roughly the same regardless of temperature, while over
the K-promoted catalysts having higher potassium content they increased with temperature. Formation of significant amounts
of filamentous carbon was observed in the K-promoted catalysts; however, the carbon deposition did not appear to affect the
inherent activity and selectivity of the K-promoted catalysts. 相似文献
92.
The phase behavior and motional mobility in binary blends of polystyrene (PS) and poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PCHMA) have been investigated by solid state 13C NMR techniques. The blend miscibility has been studied by examining the 1H spin-relaxation times in the laboratory frame (T1H) and in the rotating frame (T1ρH) for the PCHMA/PS blends with various compositions and pure components. The T1ρH results show that PCHMA and PS are intimately mixed at the molecular level within the blends at all compositions. In addition, according to the results of carbon T1ρ relaxation time measurements, we conclude that mixing is intimate enough to cause a reduction in local chain mobility for PS, but an increase in side chain mobility for PCHMA. 相似文献
93.
Eun-Yong Ko Eun Duck Park Kyung Won Seo Hyun Chul Lee Doohwan Lee Soonho Kim 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2006,23(2):182-187
Selective CO oxidation in the presence of excess hydrogen was studied over supported Pt catalysts promoted with various transition
metal compounds such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Zr. CO chemisorption, XRD, TPR, and TPO were conducted to characterize
active catalysts. Among them, Pt-Ni/γ-Al2O3 showed high CO conversions over wide reaction temperatures. For supported Pt-Ni catalysts, Alumina was superior to TiO2 and ZrO2 as a support. The catalytic activity at low temperatures increased with increasing the molar ratio of Ni/Pt. This accompanied
the TPR peak shift to lower temperatures. The optimum molar ratio between Ni and Pt was determined to be 5. This Pt-Ni/γ A12O3 showed no decrease in CO conversion and CO2 selectivity for the selective CO oxidation in the presence of 2 vol% H2O and 20 vol% CO2. The bimetallic phase of Pt-Ni seems to give rise to stable activity with high CO2 selectivity in selective oxidation of CO in H2-rich stream. 相似文献
94.
The key to the success of flip‐chip technology lies in the availability of sucessful underfill materials. However, the reliability of flip‐chip technology using current underfill materials is generally found to be lower than that of conventional wire‐bond connection packaging materials such as epoxy molding compound (EMC) because of the high coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) and moisture absorption of cured underfill material. In this study desbimide (DBMI), which has a low melting point (about 80°C), was used in the underfill materials as a cohardener. As a result, DBMI‐added underfill can show excellent thermal reliability, which is due to the superior properties of the CTE, the elastic modulus, and water resistance. When the properties of a 2 wt % DBMI‐added underfill were compared with those of a typical underfill (epoxy/anhydride), the CTE value was reduced to less than one‐half at the solder reflow temperature (about 200°C), the elastic modulus was reduced to less than one‐half in the temperature region below the glass‐transition temperature, and the water resistance was improved twofold. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2617–2624, 2002 相似文献
95.
Ji Hoon Yang Min Hyung Yum Eun Jung Kim Myeung Hoi Kwon Cheol Woong Yang Ha-Jin Song Yong-Wan Jin 《Carbon》2006,44(11):2219-2223
Nitrogen molecules have been encapsulated into the central hollows of vertically aligned carbon nitride (CN) multiwalled nanofibers by dc plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition with C2H2, NH3, and N2 gases on a Ni/TiN/Si(1 0 0) substrate at 650 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra showed the existence of nitrogen molecules in CN nanofibers. Elemental mapping images with electron energy loss spectroscopy of the CN nanofiber and catalyst metal, and optical emission spectroscopy spectra of the plasma showed the distribution of nitrogen atoms and molecules in the CN nanofiber, catalyst metal, and gaseous precursor, respectively. These studies showed that atomic nitrogen diffused into the catalytic metal particle because of the concentration gradient and then saturated at the bottom of the particle. Saturated nitrogen atom participated in the formation of the CN nanofiber wall but most of nitrogen was trapped in the central hollow of the nanofiber as molecules. 相似文献
96.
Byeongdu Lee Jin Won Lee Seung Woo Lee Jinhwan Yoon Moonhor Ree 《Polymer Engineering and Science》2004,44(9):1682-1691
A series of poly(ethylene phthalate‐co‐terephthalate)s were synthesized by melt polycondensation of ethylene glycol (EG) with dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) in various proportions. The DMT‐rich polymers were obtained with reasonably high molecular weights, whereas the DMP‐rich polymers were synthesized with relatively low molecular weights due to steric effects associated with the highly kinked DMP monomer. The compositions and thermal properties of the polymers were determined. The copolymers containing DMP in amounts of ≤ 21 mol% were crystallizable, whereas the other polymers were not. All the polymers exhibited a single glass transition temperature. Analysis of the measured glass transition temperatures and crystal melting temperatures confirmed that the DMT‐rich copolymers are random copolymers. The non‐isothermal crystallization behaviors of the DMT‐rich copolymers were investigated by calorimetry and modified Avrami analysis. The Avrami exponents n were found to range from 2.7 to 3.8, suggesting that the copolymers crystallize via a heterogeneous nucleation and spherulitic growth mechanism; that is, the incorporation of DMP units as the minor component does not change the growth mechanism of the copolymers. In addition, the activation energies of the crystallizations of the copolymers were determined; the copolymers were found to have higher activation energies than the PET homopolymer. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1682–1691, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers. 相似文献
97.
Sang Hern Kim Won Keun Son Yong Joo Kim Eu‐Gene Kang Dong‐Won Kim Chang Woo Park Whan‐Gi Kim Hyung‐Joong Kim 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2003,88(3):595-601
A polystyrene (PS)/poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) composite emulsion was produced by seeded emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) with PS seed particles which were prepared by emulsifier‐free polymerization of styrene with potassium persulfate (KPS) under a nitrogen atmosphere at 70°C for 24 h with stirring at 60 rpm and swelled with the BA monomer in an ethanol/water medium. The structure of the PS/PBA composite particles was confirmed by the presence of the characteristic absorption band attributed to PS and PBA from FTIR spectra. The particles for pure PS and PS/PBA with a low content of the BA monomer were almost spherical and regular. As the BA monomer content was increased, the particle size of the PS/PBA composite particles became larger, and more golf ball‐like particles were produced. The surface morphology of the PS/PBA composite particles was investigated by AFM and SEM. The Tg's attributed to PS and PBA in the PS/PBA composite particles were found at 110 and ?49°C, respectively. The thermal degradation of the pure PS and PS/PBA composite particles occurred in one and two steps, respectively. With an increasing amount of PBA, the initial thermal decomposition temperature increased. On the contrary the residual weight at 450°C decreased with an increasing amount of PBA. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 595–601, 2003 相似文献
98.
N‐(2‐hydroxy)propyl‐3‐trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC), a water‐soluble chitosan quaternary ammonium derivative, was used as an antimicrobial agent for cotton fabrics. HTCC has a lower minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli compared to that of chitosan; however, the imparted antimicrobial activity is lost on laundering. Thus crosslinking agents were utilized to obtain a durable antimicrobial treatment by immobilizing HTCC. Several crosslinkers such as dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU), butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), and citric acid (CA) were used with HTCC to improve the laundering durability of HTCC treatment by covalent bond formation between the crosslinker, HTCC and cellulose. The polycarboxylic acid treatment was superior to the DMDHEU treatment in terms of prolonged antimicrobial activity of the treated cotton after successive laundering. Also, the cotton treated with HTCC and BTCA showed improved durable press properties without excessive deterioration in mechanical strength or whiteness when compared to the citric acid treatment. With the addition of only 0.1% HTCC to BTCA solutions, the treated fabrics showed durable antimicrobial activity up to 20 laundering cycles. The wrinkle recovery angle and strength retention of the treated fabrics were not adversely affected with the addition of HTCC. Therefore, BTCA can be used with HTCC in one bath to impart durability of antimicrobial activity along with durable press properties to cotton fabric. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1567–1572, 2003 相似文献
99.
Sang Bong Lee Eun Kyoung Park Youn Mook Lim Seong Kwan Cho So Yeon Kim Young Moo Lee Young Chang Nho 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2006,100(6):4439-4446
Semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) and fully interpenetrating polymer network (full‐IPN) hydrogels composed of alginate and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) were prepared with γ‐ray irradiation. The semi‐IPN hydrogels were prepared through the irradiation of a mixed solution composed of alginate and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) monomer to simultaneously achieve the polymerization and self‐crosslinking of NIPAAm. The full‐IPN hydrogels were formed through the immersion of the semi‐IPN film in a calcium‐ion solution. The results for the swelling and deswelling behaviors showed that the swelling ratio of semi‐IPN hydrogels was higher than that of full‐IPN hydrogels. A semi‐IPN hydrogel containing more alginate exhibited relatively rapid swelling and deswelling rates, whereas a full‐IPN hydrogel showed an adverse tendency. All the hydrogels with NIPAAm exhibited a change in the swelling ratio around 30–40°C, and full‐IPN hydrogels showed more sensitive and reversible behavior than semi‐IPN hydrogels under a stepwise stimulus. In addition, the swelling ratio of the hydrogels continuously increased with the pH values, and the swelling processes were proven to be repeatable with pH changes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4439–4446, 2006 相似文献
100.
A new diimide–diacid monomer, N,N′‐bis(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4′‐oxydiphthalimide (I), was prepared by azeotropic condensation of 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and p‐aminobenzoic acid (p‐ABA) at a 1:2 molar ratio in a polar solvent mixed with toluene. A series of poly(amide–imide)s (PAI, IIIa–m) was synthesized from the diimide–diacid I (or I′, diacid chloride of I) and various aromatic diamines by direct polycondensation (or low temperature polycondensation) using triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents. It was found that only IIIk–m having a meta‐structure at two terminals of the diamine could afford good quality, creasable films by solution‐casting; other PAIs III using diamine with para‐linkage at terminals were insoluble and crystalline; though IIIg–i contained the soluble group of the diamine moieties, their solvent‐cast films were brittle. In order to improve their to solubility and film quality, copoly(amide–imide)s (Co‐PAIs) based on I and mixtures of p‐ABA and aromatic diamines were synthesized. When on equimolar of p‐ABA (m = 1) was mixed, most of Co‐PAIs IV had improved solubility and high inherent viscosities in the range 0.9–1.5 dl g?1; however, their films were still brittle. With m = 3, series V was obtained, and all members exhibited high toughness. The solubility, film‐forming ability, crystallinity, and thermal properties of the resultant poly(amide–imide)s were investigated. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献