OPTIMIZATION OF GUAVA JUICE AND POWDER PRODUCTION

Enzyme treatment of guava puree was optimized for yield and clarity by first determining the most effective concentration, then varying both incubation time and temperature. Application of Pectinex Ultra SP-L® was optimal using 700 ppm enzyme for 1.5 h at 50C. Clarified guava juice was clearer (89.6%) when prepared using ultrafiltration (MW cut-off 40–60 kDa) rather than plate and frame filtration (82.8%); however, the latter was higher in both soluble solids and ascorbic acid. Clarified guava juice powders were made using freeze-drying, spray drying and tunnel drying. The freeze-dried product had superior quality; however, the spray-dried product was stable and may be more economical. Sensory panelists ranked the cloudy juice prepared from aseptic guava puree highest, and there were no significant differences between the juices from pasteurized, clear nectar, freeze-dried puree powder or juice powder.     

Cell Size Distributions of Puffed Corn Extrudates

The cell size distributions of various experimental puffed corn extrudates were determined by image analysis, applied to longitudinal and transversal cross sections. Individual cell cross-sectional area was used as the size measure. All the cell size distributions, regardless of specimen orientation, composition and extrusion conditions, were described mathematically by both the log-normal and Rosin-Rammler distribution functions. The distributions mean size, degree of skew-ness or the corresponding distribution functions constants, were characteristic of the extrudate type and its particular cellular structure.     

Water and Disease After Croydon: A Review of Water-borne and Water-associated Disease in the UK 1937–86

T here W ere 34 outbreaks of water-borne disease recorded in the UK between 1937 and 1986, comprising over 11794 cases and at least six deaths. A total of 21 outbreaks were due to public water supplies, 11 of them contaminated at source; in eight of these 11 the water was unchlorinated or defectively chlorinated. None of the six reported deaths was due to contamination of public supplies at source. About 1000 cases of gastro-intestinal illness were caused by consumption ofafoods, particularly milk and canned nicats, that had been contaminated by polluted water during processing. Shellfish harvested from pollutcd cstuarics gave rise to increasing numbers of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis A. The recreational use of water was associated with about 400 serious infections and probably many minor illnesses. Sonie hospital infections may have hecn derived from the potable water supply. A total of 14 outbreaks of legionnaires' disease and eight of humidifier fever were associated with water in buildings.
The future control of water-borne and waterassociated disease demands not only continued vigilance in the water industry but closer collaboration between public health doctors and water engineers and scientists.     

DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING FOR PROCESS OPTIMIZATION 1. AN ALGORITHM FOR DESIGN OF MULTI-STAGE GRAIN DRYERS

A dynamic programming algorithm for determining the optimum operational parameters and size of a multi-stage concurrent flow dryer with intermediate tempering stages was developed. The objective function was based on energy and capital costs. The operational parameters were constrained by the desired final moisture content and the maximum allowable value of important grain quality factors. The two- and three-stage concurrent flow dryers have a higher investment cost than the single stage unit, but were less expensive to operate due to the decreased grainflow rate in the single-stage unit. On the basis of operating cost, the multi-stage concurrent flow dryer was preferable to a comparable crossflow dryer for drying corn.     

PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SWEET CORN GERM LIPOXYGENASE

Lipoxygenase (LPO) extracted from the germ fraction of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. Jubilee) was purified by acetone powder preparation; extraction with 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8; 40–60% fractionation with ammonium sulfate; and conventional column chromatography on Sephacryl S-300 HR and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) on a Mono Q column. A 124-fold purification was achieved with 26.3% recovery. Further purification was achieved by FPLC chromatofocusing on a Mono P column and size exclusion chromatography on Superose-12, with a resultant 436-fold purification and 16.8% recovery. The apparent molecular weight and isoelectric point (pI) determined by FPLC on Superose-12 and Mono P columns were 90,500 and 5.06, respectively. Lipoxygenase-catalyzed formation of conjugated dienes was inhibited by both synthetic (BHA, BHT) and natural phenolic antioxidants (quercetin, chlorogenic acid) at a concentration of 0.2 mM with 57.2, 16.3, 61.4 and 32.3% inhibition, respectively. The activation energy for thermal inactivation of sweet corn germ lipoxygenase from the ammonium sulfate preparation at 55–70C was 56.3 kcal/mol.     

Retention of Micronutrients by Polymer Coatings Used to Fortify Rice

Nutrient deficiency diseases are public health problems in developing nations. Our objective was to design a rice-fortification method using materials approved for use in foods to retain significant quantities of added nutrients during the common practice of boiling rice in excess water and draining it. We accomplished this by applying nutrients to rice in edible polymer coatings. Various starches and cellulosic polymers were evaluated with respect to flexibility, strength, stickiness and nutrient retention. Combining hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and methylcellulose (3:1) gave the best results. Nutrient retentions for 1g of coated rice cooked in 100 ml water and drained were: Vitamin A, 70%; iron, 100%; niacin, 18%; thiamin, 18%, riboflavin, 21%.     

SELF-PRESENTATIONS IN RELATION TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REFERENTS.

SELF-PRESENTATIONS MAY BE DISCERNED IN TERMS OF THE REFERENTS USED, AND ARE CONSIDERED TO RELATE TO MORE BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 2 CRITERION GROUPS (54 SS IN EACH) WERE DRAWN FROM A POPULATION OF 204 SS, USING THE "WHO AM I?" TECHNIQUE. THOSE USING GROUP-RELEVANT OR EXTERNALLY IDENTIFIABLE REFERENTS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE USING INTERNAL OR IDIOSYNCRATIC REFERENTS TO PRESENT THEMSELVES ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR AND THE FIRO-B. THOSE PRESENTING THEMSELVES VIA GROUP-RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS USED SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER WORDS TO DO SO, WERE OLDER, AND HAD MORE MARRIED MEMBERS. ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS THEY WERE FOUND TO BE LESS INTUITIVE AND MORE JUDGMENTAL IN ORIENTATION. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND ON THE FIRO-B. (28 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Investigation of the System CaO-MgO-V2O5: II, Crystalline Solutions and Crystal Chemistry

The extent of the crystalline solutions in the system CaO-MgO-V₂Os was studied quantitatively by the determination of lattice parameters. Metavanadate solutions existed along the length of the CV-MV join, while the defect garnet solutions occurred at 29 to 32 mol% MgO on the orthovanadate join. The addition of solute ions created structural changes in the directions of the polyhedral layers (a- and c-axis directions). Little change was reflected in the direction of polyhedral chains ( b-axis direction). The amount of solute allowed into the host lattices was structurally limited due to the significant differences in size between Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺.     

BTN1, a Yeast Gene Corresponding to the Human Gene Responsible for Batten's Disease,is Not Essential for Viability,Mitochondrial Function,or Degradation of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene BTN1, encodes a 408 amino acid putative integral membrane protein, which is 39% identical and 59% similar to the human Cln3p, whose mutant forms are responsible for Batten's disease and for a diminished degradation of mitochondrial ATPase synthase subunit c. Disruption experiments established that Btn1p is not essential for viability, mitochondrial function, or degradation of mitochondrial ATP synthase in yeast. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

输入/损失技术

输入 /损失技术 ,是一项独一无二的技术 ,它通过对燃料及其渗漏的流动、燃料化学性质、燃料热值和热效率的分析 ,为全面理解电厂热力过程创造了条件。低位 (净 )发热量与高位 (总 )发热量和热效率可以确定 ,而直接的燃料流量或排放物流量的测量没有给定。鉴于打算将其用于燃煤电厂 ,输入 /损失技术是根据透平循环的能量流动和锅炉运行特性 ,通过迭代技术与发散测量方法来确定煤的流动与燃烧热值的。发散测量方法 ,是以多维最小化技术来校正的。多维最小化技术对于给定的煤种可以校正燃料的特性参数在小于±2 %的标准误差范围内 ,校正后的结果可以证明是基本稳定的。典型的热值可以在 0 .5 %的精确度下进行预测。它是为在线监测器而设计的。这种方法已经被 1 2 0 0次元素分析和 1 0年的指导性测试结果广泛验证。图4表 3参 2 0