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151.
Erwin W. Karg George A. Ferron Stefanie Bauer Sebastiano Di Bucchianico Ralf Zimmermann 《Aerosol science and technology》2020,54(6):668-684
AbstractCell exposure experiments at the air-liquid interface (ALI) are used increasingly as indicators for health effects and for the impact of aerosols on the lung. Thereby the aerosol particles are kept airborne and can deposit on a cell surface area similar to the human respiratory tract (RT). However, geometry and air flow rates of an ALI system deviate considerably from the RT. As the tissue-delivered particle dose to the lungs (TD) can hardly be measured, computer models of particle deposition are used here to mimic both the particle deposition at ALI and in the RT. An ALI exposure setup (VitroCell GmbH) for an airflow rate of 100 cm3 min?1 is selected, where the particle deposition model has been verified experimentally. For the RT we use the hygroscopic lung deposition model of Ferron et al. (2013). Model runs are performed for the particle deposition and for the deposited particles per surface area in both the ALI and the RT. The results show that the ALI-deposited mass is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than in the alveolar region, because the surface area of the lung region is substantially larger. A particle size range from 40 to 450 nm is identified, where the ratio of both the deposition in a lung region and the deposition at the ALI varies by a factor less than two. Mean values for this ratio are 31 and 101 for the tracheo-bronchial and the alveolar region, respectively. The same size range is found for the ratio of the deposited particles per surface area in a lung region and at the ALI. For this range the mean surface deposition at the ALI is 23- and 1575-times larger than in the tracheo-bronchial and the alveolar lung region, respectively. The effect is partly compensated by different flow rate and cell size.Copyright © 2020 American Association for Aerosol Research 相似文献
152.
如今的世界已经是一个信息化和数字化交织的庞大体系,人们对数据安全和保密的重要性认识不断提高,为确保数据的安全多种加密技术被广泛使用。然而数据的非法复制,解密和盗版问题日益严重,数据加密技术依旧是很重要的环节,本文仅对目前常用的加密算法加以比较研究提出较好的加密方法。 相似文献
153.
154.
Polyolefins (PO) were melt mixed with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) in a 20 : 80 weight ratio with or without compatibilizer containing 0.5 wt % of maleic anhydride. Effects of component viscosities on morphology and on mechanical properties of the blend were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile property analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found that the disperse particle size of compatibilizer‐free blends decreased with the decreasing viscosity ratio of the disperse phase to TPU. The efficiency of the compatibilizer in reducing the particle size varied with viscosity ratios of the disperse phase to compatibilizer. However, the particle size did not decrease with the decreasing viscosity ratio monotonically. With lower viscosity ratio, addition of 5 wt % compatibilizer resulted in a greater reduction of particle size and less loss in the tensile properties as compared to the TPU matrix. For the polyethene (PE) that has the lowest viscosity value among all the POs, its size in the blend was stabilized with the addition of compatibilizer and no compatibilization was detected by DMA and by tensile property analysis. The mobility of the disperse phase and compatibilizer and the dispersion competition between them seemed important. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 875–883, 2006 相似文献
155.
A new method was used to analyze the factors affecting the precipitation of reversed austenite during tempering. The samples were kept at various tempering temperatures for 10 min and their length changes were recorded. Then, the precipitation of reversed austenite which led to the length reduction was shown by thermal expansion curves. The results show that the effects of process parameters on the precipitation of reversed austenite can be determined more accurately by this method than by X-ray diffraction... 相似文献
156.
Effects of annealing temperature on the microstructure and properties of the 25Mn-3Si-3Al TWIP steel 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Microstructures and mechanical properties of the 25Mn twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel at different annealing temperatures were investigated. The results indicated that when the annealing temperature was 1000°C,the 25Mn steel showed ex-cellent comprehensive mechanical properties,the tensile strength was about 640 MPa,the yield strength was higher than 255 MPa,and the elongation was above 82%. The microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy (OM),X-ray diffraction (XRD),and transmission electron... 相似文献
157.
使用高压釜反应器,无催化剂条件下,考察了反应温度(410~440 ℃)、初始氢气压力(3.0~7.0 MPa)及停留时间(20~80 min)对渣油加氢结焦及转化率的影响.当温度、停留时间增加时,渣油转化率与结焦率都增大,而初始氢气压力增加时渣油转化率增大,结焦率变化不大.结果表明,反应温度为430 ℃、初始氢气压力为7.0 MPa和反应时间为20 min是现有渣油加氢工艺的最佳反应条件. 相似文献
158.
采用基于同步辐射光源的X射线吸收精细结构谱(XAFS),研究了掺烧As^5+、Cr^6+、Cr^3+的水泥熟料中,As和Cr在水泥熟料形成过程中价态变化行为.结果表明:掺加As^5+和Cr^6+的水泥生料经高温煅烧后化学价态没有发生变化,掺烧As^5+水泥熟料中As以As^5+的形式存在;掺烧Cr^6+水泥熟料中Cr仅以Cr^6+的形式存在,说明水泥生料中含有的微量Cr^3+在煅烧过程中已完全被氧化为Cr^6+;掺烧Cr^3+水泥熟料中含有Cr^3+和Cr^6+,大部分Cr^3+在水泥熟料形成过程中被氧化为Cr^6+. 相似文献
159.
为了提高高阶QAM信号的盲均衡性能,提出了MMA—DD和SIGN-MMA-DD两种改进的混合型盲均衡算法。首先,MMA—DD算法将多模盲均衡算法和判决引导算法有机结合,并采用均方误差来控制两者在混合误差中的比例,降低了均衡器的稳态误差。然后对MMA.DD算法在误差计算和均衡器系数更新两方面进行简化,得到SIGN—MMA—DD算法,有效地降低了运算复杂度。仿真结果表明,两种算法的盲均衡性能优于多模盲均衡等算法。 相似文献
160.
目的 研究依据不同时期<建筑抗震设计规范>建造的混凝土框架结构建筑物抗震能力的差异.方法 基于Pushover分析方法,建立依据不同的<建筑抗震设计规范>建造混凝土框架结构三维分析模型,采用SAP2000软件对结构进行分析,根据能力谱法,将Pushover曲线转换为能力谱曲线,将规范中的设计反应谱转换得到弹塑性需求谱,通过能力谱和需求谱的叠加,求出结构的性能点,进而得到结构的顶点位移及塑性铰分布、层间位移角和楼层位移,从而得到框架结构的抗震能力.结果 通过一个5层混凝土框架结构教学楼的抗震能力分析,分别得到依据我国1974年、1989年和2001年<建筑抗震设计规范>建造的建筑物能力谱曲线和达到性能点时的塑性铰发展过程.结论 依据不同的<建筑抗震设计规范>建造的建筑物抗震能力差异明显,建议在抗震能力评估时,应给予充分考虑. 相似文献