Analytical solution of transverse shear strain vibration of gas detonation loaded tube near second critical speed (shear group velocity)

Analytical solution of transverse shear strain vibration of a tube caused by internal gaseous detonation near the second critical speed (shear group velocity) is not reported in the literature. It is performed based on a steady state model and first order shear deformation theories (model I and II) in this paper, and the results are verified through comparison with the finite element results reported in the literature. There are no known experimental ways of directly measuring dynamic transverse shear strain and only theoretical results and numerical data are available. The finite element method is very time consuming compared with the analytical solution. It is shown in this paper that the resonance phenomenon of the transverse shear strain vibration near the second critical speed can be predicted by steady state model and first order shear deformation theories. The first order shear deformation theory (model II) has a good agreement with finite element results in prediction of dynamic amplification factors and critical speeds.     

Simulation and optimization of ethanol amine production plant

An industrial Ethanol Amine (EA) production plant was simulated and optimized. Due to lack of accurate reaction rate information, the first step involved obtaining reliable kinetic data from the SRI (Stanford Research Institute) industrial database and calculation using error minimization method. In the next step, by implementing the obtained reaction kinetics the whole plant was simulated using Hysys software. Simulation results were compared with the SRI data and showed that there is acceptable agreement between simulation and the measured industrial data. In the next step of study by applying the gradient search (GS) optimization technique the plant was optimized using: feeding ammonia to ethylene oxide (EO) molar ratio, water flow rate in the feed stream, and reactor temperature as optimization variables. Employing process profit as objective function the optimal operating conditions were found to be: ammonia to EO ratio of 5 (mol/mol), water flow rate of 52.59 kg mol/hr and reactor temperature of 85 °C.     

Deposition Patterns of Evaporating Sodium Alginate Sessile Droplets Cross-Linked by Calcium Chloride

Controllable patterning of bio-compatible polymers in the presence of a cross-linker in evaporating bi-dispersed colloidal drops is of critical importance in functional coatings, bioprinting, and food packaging. This study investigates the effect of calcium chloride and sodium alginate concentration on the evaporative deposition and elemental distribution of dried-out patterns. Different concentrations of alginate and salt in aqueous solutions are deposited on clean glass substrates to gain a deeper understanding of the final structures. Overall, the results indicate that changing the concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride can significantly alter the elemental distribution and deposition uniformity of the final patterns. The modifications in relative concentration alter the physicochemical characteristics of the solution, resulting in significant changes in the pinning time and contact angle of the droplets that correspond to the alteration of the colloidal size and concentration, ultimately resulting in significant differences in deposition patterns. The dried-out patterns are categorized based on their structures and mechanisms (crystallization, sedimentation, and adsorption) controlling the evaporative deposition, and then justified based on the competitive effects of cross-linking, crystallization, and evaporation-driven flows. Using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the elemental distribution of dried-out patterns is also mapped to substantiate the discussion made.