Dry matter intake and blood parameters of nonlactating Holstein and Jersey cows in late gestation

An experiment was conducted using 14 multiparous Holstein and 14 multiparous Jersey cows to determine if dry matter intake (DMI), specifically the decline in prepartum DMI and plasma parameters differed between breeds. Cows were blocked by expected calving date and received a dry cow total mixed ration (15% crude protein and 39% neutral detergent fiber) beginning 30 d before expected calving date. At calving, cows were switched to a lactation total mixed ration (17% crude protein and 33% neutral detergent fiber). Data were collected from d 23 prepartum to d 1 postpartum. Body weight was greater for Holsteins compared with Jerseys, but body condition score did not differ between breeds. Dry matter intake decreased for both Holsteins and Jerseys as parturition approached. The interaction of breed × day prepartum was significant for DMI with the magnitude of depression being greater for Holsteins compared with Jerseys. Plasma glucose and β-hydroxy-butyrate was similar between breeds. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were similar for the two breeds up to d 5 prepartum, but greater for Holsteins compared with Jerseys thereafter. The decline in prepartum DMI was positively correlated to plasma NEFA for Holsteins, but not for Jerseys. These results indicate that breed differences exist for the decline in prepartum DMI and plasma NEFA. In addition, these data show an association between prepartum DMI depression and plasma NEFA but do not suggest a causal relationship.     

Optical properties of polymeric materials for concentrator photovoltaic systems

As part of our research on materials for concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), we are evaluating the optical properties and solar radiation durability of a number of polymeric materials with potential in CPV applications. For optical materials in imaging or non-imaging optical systems, detailed knowledge of the wavelength-dependent complex index of refraction is important for system design and performance, yet optical properties for many polymeric systems are not available in the literature. Here we report the index of refraction, optical absorbance, haze, and Urbach edge analysis results of various polymers of interest for CPV systems. These values were derived from ellipsometry and from using a VUV-VASE and transmission based absorbance spectroscopy on thick film samples.Fluoropolymers such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (Teflon^® FEP), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether) (Teflon^® PFA) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (Teflon^® ETFE Film) have desirable optical and physical properties for optical applications in CPV. Ethylene backbone polymers such as polyvinylbutyral (PVB) sheet (e.g., DuPont^TM PV5200), and ethylene co-polymers such as poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) (e.g., DuPont^TM Elvax^® PV1400), and poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid metal salt) ionomer sheet (e.g., DuPont^TM PV5300) have applications as encapsulants in crystalline silicon (c-Si) and other flat plate PV applications. These materials are available with both a wide variety of polymer compositions and additive packages which affect their optical properties such as the UV absorption edge. Even materials such as DuPont’s Kapton^® polyimide films, which are used behind the PV cell for their electrically insulating properties, have optical requirements, and we have also characterized these materials.The detailed optical properties of these materials will be useful in the design of the geometrical optics of a CPV system and optimization of the system’s optical throughput. This information will also provide insights into the system’s optical absorption. This is important, for example in the UV, where this absorption can impact the radiation durability of the materials.     

Indonesian adolescents' spiritual and religious experiences and their longitudinal relations with socioemotional functioning.

The spirituality and religiosity of Indonesian Muslim adolescents were examined longitudinally as were the relations of spirituality and religiosity with (mal)adjustment. At Time 1 (T1), 959 seventh-grade Muslim adolescents were screened for selection of a sample; at Time 2 (T2), 183 eighth-grade adolescents participated; and at Time 3 (T3), 300 ninth-grade adolescents (164 new participants) participated. At T1, adolescents' peer likeability was assessed; at T2, adolescents' global and cognitive esteem were measured; and at T2 and T3, adolescents' (mal)adjustment, spirituality, and religiosity were assessed. Adolescents and parents rated aspects of (mal)adjustment, spirituality, and religiosity. Teachers also rated adolescents' (mal)adjustment. In general, we found that T2 spirituality and religiosity were positively related to T3 adjustment and negatively related to T3 maladjustment, although in panel models, support for prediction of outcomes from spirituality and religiosity was found only for loneliness and socially appropriate behavior. In addition, there was some evidence in the models that certain aspects of (mal)adjustment (self-esteem and social competence, and to a marginal degree, parent-rated internalizing problems and teacher-rated prosociality) predicted spirituality and religiosity longitudinally. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Iodide Residues in Milk Vary between Iodine‐Based Teat Disinfectants

Majority of iodine found in dairy milk comes from the diet and teat disinfection products used during milking process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4 iodine‐based teat dips on milk iodide concentrations varying in iodine level (0.25% vs. 0.5%, w/w), normal low viscosity dip versus barrier dip, and application method (dip vs. spray) to ensure safe iodine levels in dairy milk when these products are used. The iodine exposure study was performed during a 2‐wk period. The trial farm was purged of all iodine‐based disinfection products for 21 d during a prestudy “washout period,” which resulted in baseline milk iodide range of 145 to 182 ppb. During the experiment, iodine‐based teat dips were used as post‐milking teat disinfectants and compared to a non‐iodine control disinfectant. Milk iodide residue levels for each treatment was evaluated from composited group samples. Introduction of different iodine‐based teat disinfectants increased iodide residue content in milk relative to the control by between 8 and 29 μg/L when averaged across the full trial period. However, residues levels for any treatment remained well below the consumable limit of 500 μg/L. The 0.5% iodine disinfectant increased milk iodide levels by 20 μg/L more compared to the 0.25% iodine. Compared to dip‐cup application, spray application significantly increased milk iodide residue by 21 μg/L and utilized approximately 23% more teat dip. This carefully controlled study demonstrated an increase in milk iodide concentrations from iodine disinfectants, but increases were small and within acceptable limits.     

High-power,high-repetition-rate picosecond optical parametric oscillators for the near-to mid-infrared

Abstract

We report high-repetition-rate, singly-resonant, picosecond optical parametric oscillators based on the nonlinear crystals LiB₃O₅ and KTiOAsO₄ which are synchronously pumped by a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser operating at 81 MHz. These devices allow tunable pulse generation from 1·116-3·160 μm to be achieved. The LiB₃O₅ system produces average nearinfrared output powers of 325 mW and is continuous tuning over the wavelength range 1·16-2·26 μm. For 1·8 ps input pump pulses, transform-limited signal pulses with durations of 1-1·2 ps and idler pulses with durations of 2-2·2 ps have been generated over 1·2-2·2 μm, without requirement for dispersion compensation. The KTiOAsO₄ system produces average near-infrared output powers of 403 mW, with the signal tuning over 1·116-1·281 μm and idler tuning over 2·260-3·160 μm. Without dispersion compensation, signal (idler) pulses with durations between 1·01-1·03 (1·61-2·91) ps have been obtained for 1·2 ps input pump pulses.     

迎难而上,全国涂料行业运行实现平稳增长——2012年上半年我国涂料行业经济运行情况分析

<正>2012年以来,国际经济环境复杂多变,我国经济也出现了一些新情况、新变化。各地区、各部门按照中央"稳中求进"的总基调,着力"稳增长、调结构、转方式",努力推进各方面工作,工业经济运行总体保持平稳,经济运行呈现出明显的调整特征,GDP增速延续2011年下半年放缓态势,部分企业困难加重,防止经济增速趋势性下     

Parametric Study on the Production of Renewable Fuels and Chemicals from Phospholipid-Containing Biomass

Heterogeneous catalytic cracking of lipids into transportation fuels and other specialty chemicals offers a unique opportunity to provide sustainable energy while utilizing the current petroleum infrastructure. This study addresses a possible route for the utilization of phospholipid-containing biomass for production of renewable fuels and chemicals. The first part of the study focused on reaction pathways associated with the catalytic cracking of model phospholipid into fuel-type compounds. The results indicated that phospholipid cracking proceeds via acid-catalyzed mechanisms, which resulted to cleavage of fatty acids and glycerol moieties. Microbial lipids, which contain large concentrations of phospholipids, are a potential non-food related feedstock to displace petroleum. Among possible sources of microbial lipids, activated sludge offers a distinct advantage for its availability and abundance at a potential fee. The second part of this work dealt with the conversion of activated sludge to chemicals of value as fuel components through fluidized-bed catalytic cracking. The effect of moisture level and catalyst loading were determined. Results indicated that moisture level of up to 15 % (weight) has no effect on total product yield. On the other hand, higher catalyst loading resulted to a higher yield of gaseous product. Significant coke deposition was inferred as indicated by the high proportion of phenolic compounds produced from pyrolytic reactions. The results of this study provide a potential route of utilizing bulk lipid feedstocks, without the removal of phosphorus-containing molecules, to produce fuel components.     

2012年一季度机床工具行业经济运行情况分析

2012年一季度我国机床工具行业增速继上年四季度之后继续大幅下滑,重点联系企业产销、利润均呈负增长。这显示出我国机床工具行业连续10年的高速增长已结束。一季度机床工具产品进口在继2009年金融危机之后再度出现负增长。高中低各档次产品     

印染行业“十二五”发展规划

"十一五"期间,我国印染行业生产销售持续增长,经济效益稳步提高,产业结构调整取得成效,节能减排扎实推进;产业发展从数量型增长向质量效益型增长转变明显。"十二五"期间,印染行业应更加注重科技进步,注重产品研发和市场营销,注重资源节约和环境保护,提升产品质量和附加值,提高生产效率,降低生产成本,减少污染物排放,提升企业的赢利能力和水平,提高经济增长的质量和效益,推动行业由资源数量型增长向质量效益型增长转变。     

Crude protein and rumen undergradable protein effects on reproduction and lactation performance of Holstein cows

We conducted a study to determine the effects of excess dietary crude protein (CP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on reproduction and lactation performance of Holstein cows. During each of three yearly replicates, cows were blocked by previous mature equivalent milk production and randomly assigned at calving (n = 47; partum group) or at 42 +/- 21 d postpartum (n = 134; postpartum group) to the following dietary treatments: 1) ryegrass pasture supplemented with a corn and soybean meal grain mix (high CP, moderate RUP); 2) ryegrass pasture mornings and corn silage evenings, supplemented with grain as in diet 1 (moderate CP, moderate RUP control diet), and 3) ryegrass pasture mornings and corn silage evenings, supplemented with a grain mix containing corn, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and blood meal (moderate CP, high RUP). Dietary CP and RUP concentrations were approximately 23.1, 5.8; 17.7, 5.0; and 17.2, 6.8% of dry matter for diets 1 to 3, respectively. Plasma urea N concentrations were highest in cows fed diet 1 (25.0 mg/dl), intermediate in cows on diet 2 (20.1 mg/dl), and lowest in cows on diet 3 (18.5 mg/dl). Cows fed excess dietary protein (diet 1) exhibited lower first breeding pregnancy rates (24.1 vs. 41.0%) and lower overall pregnancy rates (53.4 vs. 75.4%) than did cows fed diet 2, increasing time nonpregnant by an average of 15.1 d per cow. Reproductive performance was similar between cows fed diets 2 and 3. Mean fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield was not affected by protein concentration (diet 1 vs. 2); however, partum group cows that received supplemental RUP (diet 3) produced more 3.5% FCM than controls in early lactation. Feeding grain diets that contained excess dietary protein impaired the reproductive performance of dairy cows grazing ryegrass.