Flavonolglykoside der Pflaumen der Species Prunus domestica L. und Prunus salicina Lindley

Zusammenfassung Blätter wie Früchte von 6 SortenPrunus domestica-Pflaumen enthalten hauptsächlich 3-Rutinoside, in geringerer Konzentration 3-Glucoside und 3-Galaktoside von Kämpferol und Quercetin Bowie Quercetin-3-rhamnosid. Dagegen weisen Pflaumen vonPrunus salicina (2 untersuchte Sorten) Kämpferol-3,7-bisrhamnosid und Kämpferol-3-arabinosyl-7-rhamnosid als Hauptflavonole auf. Hierdurch ist eine Unterscheidung beider Arten leicht and sicher mög-lich. Weiterhin konnten inSalicina-Pflaumen Kämpfe-rol-3-rutinosid sowie Quercetin-3-rhamnosid, -xylosid,-glucosid, -galaktosid, --l-arabinofuranosid and -rutinosid, auch Quercetin-7-rhamnosid and Kämpferol-7-glucosid nachgewiesen werden.Die Gesamtgehalte an Flavonolglykosiden lagen bei den untersuchten Pflaumensorten vonPrunus domestica (P. salicina) bei 2500–3340 (7170, 10350) ppm in Blättern and 20–52 (8, 24) in Früchten, jeweils bezogen auf Frischgewicht.

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Flavonol glycosides of plums of the species Prunus domestica L. and Prunus salicina lindley12. Phenolics of fruits

Summary Leaves and fruits from 6 cultivars ofPrunus domestica plums contain mainly 3-rutinosides; in smaller concentrations the 3-glycosides and 3-galactosides of kaempferol and quercetin as well as quercetin-3-rhamnoside are present. On the other hand, in plums ofPrunus salicina (2 examined cultivars) main flavonols are kaempferol-3,7-bisrhamnoside and kaempferol-3arabinosyl-7-rhamnoside. Due to the difference in composition, differentiation of these species will be easy and reliable. Additionally kaempferol-3-rutinoside and quercetin-3-rhamnoside, -xyloside,-glucoside, -galactoside, --l-arabinofuranoside and-rutinoside, and also quercetin-7-rhamnoside and kaempferol-7-glucoside could be detected inP. salicina plums. The total content of flavonol glycosides in the investigated plums ofPrunus domestica (P. salicina) were based on fresh weight about 2500–3340 (7170, 10350) ppm in the leaves and 20–52 (8, 24) ppm in the fruits.

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11. Mitt.: Henning W, Herrmann K (1980) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 170:433–444

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Auszug aus der Promotionsarbeit von W. Henning: Bestimmung der in Pflaumen, Kirschen, Pfirsichen and Aprikosen vorkommenden Flavonolglykoside unter Anwendung der Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie. Diss. Univ. Hannover 1980     

Mikromethode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Coffein

Zusammenfassung Zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Coffein in biologischem Material wird ein kombiniertes Verfahren aus Dünnschichtchromatographie und Densitometrie beschrieben. Das Verfahren läßt Bestimmungen im Nanogramm-Bereich zu. Das Probenvolumen liegt unter 100 l.Die Proben — Capillarblut — werden zunächst mit dem gleichen Volumen Chloroform extrahiert. Anschließend wird das Coffein mittels Dünnschichtchromatographie von Begleitstoffen und störenden Substanzen abgetrennt. Es werden Kieselgel-60-Fertigplatten und Chlorofom/Aceton (9 + 1; v/v) als Fließmittel verwendet, dabei beträgt die Laufzeit 30 min.Die quantitative densitometrische Auswertung erfolgt durch Remissionsmessung bei 273 nm. Im Bereich von 10–60 ng Coffein/Fleck verläuft die Eichkurve linear. 1 mg/I Coffein kann noch sicher quantitativ erfaßt werden. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 0,1 mg/1.

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A quantitative micromethod for the caffeine determination

Summary A combined procedure with thin-layer-chromatography and densitometry is described for the quantitative estimation of caffeine in biological material. This method ist applicable in the nanogram range. Test samples of less than 100 l may be used. The samples (capillary-blood) are extracted with the same volume of chloroform. Caffeine is separated from interfering compounds by thin-layer-chromatography. Commercial silica-60-plates with chloroform/acetone (9 + 1; v/v) as solvent are used. The running time is about 30 min. The quantitative densitometric determinations are performed in the remission mode at 273 nm. In the range from 10 to 60 ng/spot the calibration curve is linear. Accurate quantitative data will be obtained even at concentrations of 1 mg/1 caffeine. The detection limit is at about 0.1 mg/1.

     

Isolierung und funktionelle Eigenschaften von Molkenproteinfraktionen

Zusammenfassung Die Fraktionierung von Molkenproteinkonzentrat mit Aceton wurde untersucht. Der pH-Wert und die Lösungsmittelkonzentration, bei der die Fällungen durchgeführt wurden, hatten den größ-ten Einfluß auf die Zusammensetzung von Präcipitaten und Überständen. Im Bereich von 25–33% Aceton (v/v) war eine begrenzte Fraktionierung der Molkenproteine möglich:-Lactalbumin und-Lactoglobulin wurden ausgefällt, während Blutserumalbumin in Lösung blieb. Der pH-Wert (Bereich 4,5–7,0) beeinflulßte neben den Proteinfraktionen auch andere Bestandteile des Molkenkonzentrats. Mit steigendem pH-Wert verringerte sich die Gesamt-N-Ausbeute im Präcipitat und der Gehalt an Calcium nahm zu, gleichzeitig verminderte sich die Resolubilisationsfähigkeit der ausgefällten Niederschläge.

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Isolation and functional properties of whey protein fractions

Summary The fractionation of whey protein concentrate by acetone was investigated. The composition of precipitates and supernates was strongly influenced by pH and acetone concentration during precipitation. A limited fractionation of the whey proteins occurred in the range of 25–33% acetone (v/v):-lactalbumins and-lactoglobulins were precipitated while blood serum albumins remained in solution. The pH value (range 4,5-7,0) influenced also other components of the whey concentrate beside the protein fractions. With increasing pH value the yield of total N in the precipitate decreased whereas the calcium content rose, this was accompanied by a decreased capability to redissolve the precipitates.

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Auszug aus der Dissertation H. A. Mehrens, TU München, 1980Sonderdruckanfragen an: Prof. Dr. H. Klostermeyer (Adresse siehe oben)     

Die therapeutische Interaktion als moralische Vorgabe

Definition of the problem

Hospitals serve the general purpose to improve the health of patients. Health care professionals are a necessary means to achieve that end but have their own more specific professional ends. What is the due relationship between those kinds of ends with respect to the organisation of hospitals?

Arguments

Individual health care in hospitals is delivered by professionals who are dependent upon the hospital??s human, administrative and technical facilities. As organised social entities, hospitals use professionals as the means to an end we normally call health of patients. More precisely, the professional task consists in a specific, namely, therapeutic interaction, an asymmetric relationship between morally equals. Professionals have to explore, interpret and pursue patients?? interests according to their consent. From a moral perspective, this interaction should be kept free from distortion through external incentives which divert the professional??s intrinsic motivation. Although a professional responsibility, the individual professional would be overcharged with this organisational task.

Conclusion

The profession has a responsibility to protect and foster professional behaviour of its members including participation in organising hospitals and the individual professional should engage in organising the profession as a collective agent.     

Spherical sample holders to improve the susceptibility measurement of superparamagnetic materials

The design of two custom sample holders with a spherical cavity for commercial vibrating sample magnetometer systems is described. For such cavities, the magnetization M[over ->] and the internal magnetic field H(i)[over ->] of a sample are both homogeneous. Consequently, the material parameter M(H(i)) of a sample can be determined even for liquids and powders with a high magnetic susceptibility.     

PIXHAWK: A micro aerial vehicle design for autonomous flight using onboard computer vision

We describe a novel quadrotor Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) system that is designed to use computer vision algorithms within the flight control loop. The main contribution is a MAV system that is able to run both the vision-based flight control and stereo-vision-based obstacle detection parallelly on an embedded computer onboard the MAV. The system design features the integration of a powerful onboard computer and the synchronization of IMU-Vision measurements by hardware timestamping which allows tight integration of IMU measurements into the computer vision pipeline. We evaluate the accuracy of marker-based visual pose estimation for flight control and demonstrate marker-based autonomous flight including obstacle detection using stereo vision. We also show the benefits of our IMU-Vision synchronization for egomotion estimation in additional experiments where we use the synchronized measurements for pose estimation using the 2pt+gravity formulation of the PnP problem.     

Activity-rest schedules in physically demanding work and the variation of responses with age

Workers in physically demanding occupations require work breaks to recover from exertion. In a laboratory setting, we investigated the impact of ergometer cycling for 7 h in two conditions with an identical total break time but with two different activity-rest schedules. We hypothesised that more frequent but shorter breaks lead to less psychophysical strain and its effects than do less frequent but longer breaks, particularly for older workers. Twenty-nine participants representing three different age groups were tested in both conditions. Heart rate, perceived exertion/tension and feelings of fatigue were assessed and used as dependent variables. Results indicate no general activity-rest differences as well as no age-related differences of break effects under the condition of subjectively equal straining load. However, heart rate was found to be lower at some measurement points in the frequent-short-break condition and perceived exertion was lower in the infrequent-long-break condition. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: Design of activity-rest schedules in physically demanding occupations is a key issue in the prevention of strain and hence of interest to ergonomists. Our study suggests that breaks during physically demanding work have the same effect if they are frequent and short or infrequent and long, regardless of age.     

Schnelle Bestimmung von Furfurol und Hydroxymethylfurfurol in alkoholischen Getr?nken mit Hilfe der Umkehrphasen-Chromatographie

Zusammenfassung Furfurol und Hydroxymethylfurfurol können leicht mit Hilfe der Umkehrphasen-Chromatographie in Alkoholika bestimmt werden. Eine Probenvorbereitung ist nicht notwendig. Die beiden Aldehyde werden UV-spektrometrisch erfaßt, die absolute Nachweisgrenze bei Routinearbeiten beträgt 4–7 mg/100 l reinen Alkohol (entsprechend 0,01–0,03 mg/l im Getränk) und kann für Spurenbestimmungen auf 0,002–0,001 mg/l durch Injektion von größeren Probenvolumen erniedrigt werden. Die Peakhöhen der beiden Furfuroie sind im Bereich von 0,25–3 mg/l Getränk linear von der Konzentration abhängig. Die Gesamtanalyse dauert etwa 12 min. Mit der beschriebenen Methode werden brasilianischer Zukkerrohrschnaps (Cachaça) Bowie eine Reihe in Deutschland käuflicher Alkoholika untersucht.

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Rapid determination of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural in alcoholic beverages by reverse-phase-chromatographyComparative investigations on the content of furfurals in Brazilian Cachaça and other alcoholic liquors

Summary Furfural and Hydroxymethylfurfural can easily be determined in alcoholic beverages by means of reverse phase chromatography. A special sample preparation is not necessary. The aldehydes are detected by UV-spectrometry, the absolute detection limit in routine work is 4–7 mg/100 liters of pure ethanol (corresponding to 0.016–0.03 mg/l beverage) and can be extended down to 0.002–0.001 mg/l when injecting higher volumes for trace analysis. In the range of 0.25–3 mg/l linear relationship is obtained between peak hight and concentration. The complete assay procedure takes about 12 min. A series of Brazilian Cachaça samples and German commercial liquors were investigated with the here described method.

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Sumário Os autores apresentam um método de determinação de Furfural e Hidroxi-metilfurfural em cachaça e outras bebidas alcoolicas, Cromatografia em alta pressão com colunas de fase reversa (C₈; 5 m; 250 × 4 mm; CH₃CN/H₂O 5/95 como eluente) permite a separação e determinaçã sem pre-tratamento das amostras em 10–12 minutos. A sensibilidade da determinação em UV (254 nm) è 4–7 mg/100 L álcool puro (0.01–0.03 mg/L na bebida respectivamente). Usando um volume maior de injecção, o limite se pode abaixar até 0.002–0.001 mg/L bebida. A altura dos picos é proporçional à concentração entre 0.25–3 mg/L bebida. As cachaças investigadas possuem geralmente um conteúdo de Furfural e de Hidroxi-metilfurfural menor do que suposto e determinato pelo método de anilina recomendado pelo governo (determinação não específica).