Contrast media-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis

BACKGROUND: The course of tissue changes in acute myocarditis in humans is not well understood. Diagnostic tools currently available are unsatisfactory. We tested the hypothesis that inflammation is reflected by signal changes in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed 44 consecutive patients with symptoms of acute myocarditis. Nineteen patients met the inclusion criteria revealing ECG changes, reduced myocardial function, elevated creatine kinase, positive troponin T, serological evidence for acute viral infection, exclusion of coronary heart disease, and positive antimyosin scintigraphy. We studied these patients on days 2, 7, 14, 28, and 84 after the onset of symptoms. We obtained ECG-triggered, T1-weighted images before and after application of 0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium. We measured the global relative signal enhancement of the left ventricular myocardium related to skeletal muscle and compared it with measurements in 18 volunteers. The global relative enhancement was higher in patients on days 2 (4.8+/-0.3 [mean+/-SE] versus 2.5+/-0.2; P<.0001); 7 (4.7+/-0.5, P<.0001); 14 (4.6+/-0.5, P<.0002); and 28 (3.9+/-0.4, P=.009) but not on day 84 (3.1+/-0.3; P=NS). On day 2, the enhancement was focal, whereas at later time points, the enhancement was diffuse. In patients with evidence of ongoing disease, the values remained elevated. CONCLUSIONS: Acute myocarditis evolves from a focal to a disseminated process during the first 2 weeks after onset of symptoms. Contrast media-enhanced MRI visualizes the localization, activity, and extent of inflammation and may serve as a powerful noninvasive diagnostic tool in acute myocarditis.     

Proteins in electric fields and pressure fields: basic aspects

This paper emphasizes the basic aspects of the interactions of chromoproteins at low temperatures with external pressure fields and electric fields. We discuss how the respective spectral properties can be modified and what we can learn from the spectral changes about the thermodynamic, electrostatic, functional and structural properties of proteins. A few examples are discussed in more detail.     

Current in-service inspections of austenitic stainless steel and dissimilar metal welds in light water nuclear power plants

A tendency towards growing requirements for the inspection of austenitic piping can be observed in several countries. In Germany the revised KTA rule demands the UT inspection of austenitic and dissimilar metal welds in piping with diameters of 200 mm or more.On the basis of experience gained from austenitic piping with integranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC), longitudinal waves and mode conversion techniques are used. Depending on the geometry, material and grain orientation, spurious signals can be observed which require additional evaluation or analysis measurements.A promising new technique is based on horizontally polarized shear (SH) waves generated by electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs). Investigations in the laboratory and field inspections showed that SH waves are well suited for the detection of longitudinal flaws, especially where the weld can be examined from one side only.For the complete solution of a given inspection problem SH waves can be combined with well-known standard techniques in order to provide redundant information for the characterization and sizing of indications.The investigation of possibilities of SH waves showed that the problem of cast austenitic steel inspection might not be solved using this technique. However, measurements using low frequency UT transducers showed promising results.     

Beanspruchungsverhalten von PVD-CrN Beschichtungen auf Leichtmetallwerkstoffen

Behaviour of light metals with PVD-CrN coatings using different test methods The application of thin hard coatings on machining tools, e.g. drilling tools is state of the art. The increase of lifetime of coated Tools compared to uncoated tools is well known. [1]. In this context ?separation of functions”? is an often used phrase, by meaning the separation of functions of the volume and the surface of materials. Going one step forward, from the point of view of tribology or corrosion this means, you have ?only”? to protect the surface by using a ?good”? coating without looking at the material underneath. In the past the influence of substrate materials or the optimization of the system (substrate-coating) was not the main aim of PVD development. Looking at substrate and coating as a system is especially necessary, if the differences of the properties of substrate and coating are large (e.g. hard coating – light metals). This paper shows different aspect of the tribological and electrochemical characterization of PVD coated light metals (CrN coating).     

Raltitrexed (Tomudex): an alternative drug for patients with colorectal cancer and 5-fluorouracil associated cardiotoxicity

Two patients with proven 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-associated cardiotoxicity were treated with the specific thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed safely, without evidence of cardiotoxicity. Raltitrexed might be an alternative for patients with advanced colorectal cancer and 5-FU-associated cardiotoxicity. 5-FU cardiotoxicity is not due to the antineoplastic mechanisms via thymidilate synthase.     

Hard coatings on light-metal components under mechanical surface loading

In this work the behaviour of hard coated light-metal components was investigated when they are mechanically loaded. Three lightmetal alloys, Ti-6Al-4V, AlSi7Mg and AlMgSi0.5 and 100Cr6 steel (as a reference material) were coated by two different physical vapour deposition processes: radio frequency magnetron sputtering and electron beam evaporation. The coating materials utilised were CrN and TiN. Standard test methods with different loading conditions were used to evaluate the substrate/coating-combinations: the hardness test (applying a static normal load), the scratch test (applying a combination of a static normal and a static tangential force) and the impact test (applying a dynamic normal load). It was observed that the load support of coated materials depends on the loading conditions. The coated aluminium alloys showed poor load support under all loading test conditions but produced a higher surface hardness than uncoated steel. Coated Ti-6Al-4V showed very good load support properties, similar to coated steel. All coated light-metal substrates demonstrated significant improvement in load support behaviour with an increase in coating thickness. The results of the scratch test, which is commonly used to asses adhesion properties of thin coatings, showed an immediate indenter-breakthrough on the aluminium alloy substrates, but causing no coating delamination. Due to this behaviour, the scratch test is not suitable to evaluate adhesion properties on coated soft light-metals. Yet the impact test allowed assessment of coating delamination on the aluminium alloys, proving its usefulness for adhesion measurement even on soft substrates. The study indicates that substitution of steel with coated lightmetal alloys is a viable proposition for certain applications.     

Spannungsrißbildung und Spannungsrißkorrosion bei Kunststoffen

Environmental stress cracking and stress-corrosion cracking in plastics Plastics are being used to an increasing extent in fields which have hitherto been the reserve of other, usually metallic, materials. Owing to their good processability and chemical resistance, plastics engineering materials are for example employed for vessels, pipes, valves and fittings, blowers, pumps and gear wheels. In these applications they are not only exposed to liquid media but, are also subjected to occasional or continuous mechanical stress. The trouble is that there are media to which plastics in the stress-free state are absolutely immune, but that, when tensile stresses are present, cracking may occur; this phenomenon is called environmental stress cracking. It is therefore necessary for the design engineer both to know whether the medium to be handled causes environmental stress cracking, and to be familiar with the other properties of the material. The following article describes the most important methods of detecting environmental stress cracking and the most important media which cause this form of cracking in common plastics materials.