Geschichtliche Entwicklung und aktuelle Praxis der Probebelastung — Teil 2: Entwicklung von Normen und heutige Anwendung

Im Zuge des massenhaften Einsatzes von Probebelastungen im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts zeigte sich die Notwendigkeit, deren Planung, Durchführung und Auswertung durch allgemeine Richtlinien und Normen zu stützen. Im Beitrag wird das Ringen um erste zaghafte Festlegungen beschrieben, die im Laufe der Jahre immer konkreter zu einer verwendbaren Handlungsgrundlage ausgearbeitet wurden. Unter Kritikern blieb jedoch immer die Frage über die Sicherheit und vor allem die Aussagekraft von Belastungsversuchen auf der Grundlage der verwendeten Bewertungskriterien offen. Mit der Weiterentwicklung der Berechnungsverfahren auch durch den Einsatz von Computertechnik wurden Probebelastungen von Neubauten ab den 1970‐er Jahren entbehrlich. Für auffällig gewordene bestehende Tragwerke stellt die Probebelastung jedoch auch heute noch eine — und manchmal die einzige — Methode zum Nachweis einer ausreichenden Tragfähigkeit dar. Die hierfür angewendete moderne Belastungs‐ und Messtechnologie bietet jedoch im Unterschied zur traditionellen Vorgehensweise ein hohes Maß an Sicherheit und Informationsgewinn. Historical Development and current practise of load tests in situ — Part 2: Development of standards and current practise. Because of the large demand and use of load testing in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, there was the necessity to standardise the planning, execution and analysis in general guidelines and codes. This article describes the struggling and first tentative specification, which were more and more specified to an useful basis in the following years. The used criterions for the assessment have often been a reason for critics on the value and the safety of loading tests. The further development of calculation methods especially the computer technology made the load testing of new structures superfluous in the 1970s. But for existing structures loading tests are today often a — and sometimes the only — method to proof a sufficient load bearing capacity. The today used modern loading‐ and measuring technology provides, in contrast to the traditional method, a high degree of safety and structural information.     

Eine Anmerkung zur exakten Nachbildung von Aktienindizes mittels einer Multiplikator-Rundungsmethode

Um einen Aktienindex exakt nachzubilden, mu? man die Gewichtungsfaktoren des Indexes mit dem gewünschten Index-Vielfachen multiplizieren und erh?lt so die Anzahlen der jeweils zu haltenden Aktien. Rundet man diese Anzahlen auf herk?mmliche Art, so weicht man vom gewünschten Nachbildungsergebnis h?ufig weiter als n?tig ab. In dieser Arbeit wird ein leicht zu implementierender Algorithmus vorgestellt, der dieses Problem auf Basis einer Multiplikator-Rundungsmethode l?st. Als konkretes Anwendungsbeispiel wird gezeigt, wie man dieses Verfahren beim Nachbilden des Deutschen Aktien-Indexes (DAX) anwenden kann. Dabei finden auch im Xetra-Handel übliche Stückzahlrestriktionen Berücksichtigung. Der Algorithmus reduziert den Nachbildungsfehler und damit auch den daraus resultierenden Tracking-Error auf einen Bruchteil des Wertes, den man bei herk?mmlicher Rundung erh?lt.     

Microenvironment of the high affinity ATP-binding site of Na+/K+-ATPase is slightly acidic

Fluorescein-5'-isothiocyanate (FITC) was used to study the high-affinity ATP-binding site of Na+/K+-ATPase. The molar ratio of specifically bound FITC per alpha-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase was found to be 0.5 as followed from pretreatment experiments with another specific E1ATP-inhibitor Cr(H2O)4AdoPP[CH2]P. This indicated an existence of one high affinity ATP-binding site (E1ATP-binding site) in the native (alphabeta)2-diprotomer of Na+/K+-ATPase. Fluorescence dual-excitation ratio of specifically bound FITC revealed that at external pH 7.5, the pH value inside the E1ATP-binding site is 6.95 +/- 0.18. In addition, FITC fluorescence quenching by anti-fluorescein and by iodide choline indicated the limited access of water into the small pocket of the E1ATP-binding site.     

Casting process and comparison of the properties of adapted load-sensitive magnesium alloys

Magnetic magnesium alloys can be utilized as a load sensitive material, in which the inverse magnetostrictive effect is used in order to measure the actual loads in structural components manufactured from such lightweight sensor alloys. To achieve a material which exhibits magnetic properties, Mg is alloyed with ferromagnetic materials like cobalt or samarium-cobalt. Alloying elements commonly used with Mg are utilized to improve the mechanical properties of these alloys, which however may have a slight negative impact on the magnetic sensitivity. In this work, two separate magnetic Mg alloys are compared, each with properties matched to the opposing requirements: (a) high load sensitivity and (b) satisfactory mechanical properties, respectively. The precipitation behavior of the ferromagnetic constituent Co in Mg together with other alloying elements is shown on the basis of SEM images. In addition, the dissolving behavior of the Co powder during the casting process of a binary Mg–Co alloy is investigated. Cyclic loading tests employing harmonic analyses of eddy current signals are utilized in order to verify the alloys’ sensory properties. The mechanical properties are investigated using tensile tests.     

An empirical examination of application frameworks success based on technology acceptance model

Framework-based development is currently regarded as one of the most promising software development approaches when it comes to improvements in lead time, productivity and quality. However, many frameworks and projects based on frameworks still report failures, which indicate that there are problems related to both frameworks technology and frameworks usage. The objective of our research was to examine the major drivers that have an impact on a framework’s acceptance and a framework’s success. We used the technology acceptance model (TAM) and Seddon’s information systems success model as our underlying theory. Data collected from an online survey of 389 active framework users was used to test hypothesized models. Data analysis was performed via structural equation modeling. Our findings support the post-adoption version of TAM and the relationship between continuous use and the successful use of systems, where more use also means more net benefits. We found that the successful use of frameworks is mainly dependent on two factors: continuous framework usage intention and the perceived usefulness of the framework. Several practical and theoretical implications can be foreseen including advances in framework development guidelines and insight into the relationship between the acceptance and success of frameworks.     

Impact of Condensates Containing Chloride and Sulphate on the Corrosion in Automotive Exhaust Systems

The chemical composition of condensates recovered from a test car was systematically analysed in this study. It was found that most condensates contain a higher concentration of chloride than that of sulphate. In order to understand the effect of sulphate on the pitting behaviour of 436SS and to predict whether pitting will occur in these condensates, pitting potentials were determined in a 0.2M sulphate solution with varying chloride concentration by using the potentiodynamic cyclic polarization curve method. The results demonstrate that sulphate prevents pitting initiation of 436SS when the concentration of sulphate is higher than that of chloride. However, no inhibitory effect of sulphate was observed when the sulphate concentration is lower than the chloride concentration. As the condensate recovered from the muffler contains more chloride than sulphate, the muffler is most likely suffering from pitting. This was confirmed by the microscopic observation of the corroded muffler from the test car.     

Aneurysm of the splenic artery

The authors evaluate in the submitted paper the results of surgical treatment of embolization into the bifurcation of the abdominal artery at the Second Surgical Clinic in Brno during 1990-1996. A total of 5 patients was involved whereby in all a cardiac cause of the embolization was obvious. The authors deal also with the time which has elapsed between the development of complaints and surgery, the type of anaesthesia, average length of operation. The operation is implemented concurrently by two teams as antero- and retrograde simultaneous bi-transfemoral embolectomy. The authors emphasize the importance of the metabolic condition of the patient as well as cardiac and renal functions before, during and after surgery. They consider the application of peroperative haemodialysis essential. During the postoperative period it is important to find the objective cause of the cardiac deficiency and treat it. Their results--a 40% mortality are comparable with those of other specialized departments. By comparison with a similar group treated at the same department twenty years previously the authors find a decline in the incidence of this disease and explain this phenomenon by an increased number of cardiosurgical operations in this area.     

Economic Analysis of Thermal Energy Storage Systems

This paper describes an investigation of the economic performance of a central chiller plant with thermal energy storage (TES) operating in a hotel in California and an office building in Wisconsin for the following three conventional control strategies: chiller-priority, constant-proportion, and storage-priority control. Since all control strategies depend on properly selected design parameters, the storage and chiller capacities as the primary design parameters were varied over a wide range, and the life-cycle economic feasibility of each possible design was assessed over a 20-year economic life using the net present value method. Measured cooling and weather data for both buildings were used in annual calculations to determine annual utility cost savings on the basis of one of four artificial rate structures. Trends in the life-cycle economic performance of TES systems as a function of chiller and storage capacities were revealed, and design guidelines were developed.