Attenuating Effects of Dieckol on Hypertensive Nephropathy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension induces renal fibrosis or tubular interstitial fibrosis, which eventually results in end-stage renal disease. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the underlying mechanisms of renal fibrosis. Though previous studies showed that Ecklonia cava extracts (ECE) and dieckol (DK) had inhibitory action on angiotensin (Ang) I-converting enzyme, which converts Ang I to Ang II. It is known that Ang II is involved in renal fibrosis; however, it was not evaluated whether ECE or DK attenuated hypertensive nephropathy by decreasing EMT. In this study, the effect of ECE and DK on decreasing Ang II and its down signal pathway of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R)/TGFβ/SMAD, which is related with the EMT and restoring renal function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), was investigated. Either ECE or DK significantly decreased the serum level of Ang II in the SHRs. Moreover, the renal expression of AT1R/TGFβ/SMAD was decreased by the administration of either ECE or DK. The mesenchymal cell markers in the kidney of SHRs was significantly decreased by ECE or DK. The fibrotic tissue of the kidney of SHRs was also significantly decreased by ECE or DK. The ratio of urine albumin/creatinine of SHRs was significantly decreased by ECE or DK. Overall, the results of this study indicate that ECE and DK decreased the serum levels of Ang II and expression of AT1R/TGFβ/SMAD, and then decreased the EMT and renal fibrosis in SHRs. Furthermore, the decrease in EMT and renal fibrosis could lead to the restoration of renal function. It seems that ECE or DK could be beneficial for decreasing hypertensive nephropathy by decreasing EMT and renal fibrosis.     

IGBT串联均压方法综述

绝缘栅双极性晶体管IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor)在高电压场合应用时需串联使用满足电压需求。由于器件内部的性能差异和外围电路参数不一致等,引起IGBT模块之间电压不均衡问题,威胁其运行安全。综述了国内外IGBT串联均压方法的发展及其研究现状。根据均压方法机理的不同,将IGBT串联均压方法分为被动均压方法和主动均压方法两种,进一步将主动均压方法归纳为无源控制方法和有源控制方法两类。根据各类方法的基本电路拓扑分析了均压原理,梳理了不同方法在电路拓扑、参数选择和控制策略等方面的优化和最新进展。通过均压效果、附加损耗和可靠性等多方面对不同均压方法进行对比,被动均压方法拓扑简单不需外加控制电路更适合在低频应用场合,在高频应用场合中,准有源栅极控制法以单驱动与无源器件相结合的方式,具有良好的发展前景。最后对IGBT串联均压方法进行了展望。     

考虑线路运行环境的牵引变流器IGBT寿命评估

列车在行驶的过程中其自身的运行工况和外界的环境工况都在发生变化。IGBT作为列车变流器的核心器件,列车自身的运行工况会影响变流器的运行工况进而影响IGBT的寿命,环境工况会影响变流器的散热进而影响IGBT的寿命。从牵引计算的角度,考虑速度、加速度、坡度等因素,搭建了电仿真模型;从热计算的角度,考虑变流器散热方式、环境温度等,搭建了热仿真模型。为了让热仿真模型更加贴近实际,基于瞬态双界面法测试了IGBT热参数,并得到当前IGBT的老化程度为6.98%。最终实现了Simulink与PLECS的电热联合仿真,得到了IGBT的损伤度,给出了基于变流器运行工况的IGBT寿命评估流程。     

5L-ANPC逆变器中器件过电压分析及抑制

针对光伏发电系统中的五电平中点有源钳位型逆变器进行研究,分析并抑制了三类引起低压器件过电压的问题。首先,通过引入吸收电容,抑制换流回路过长引起的高关断应力;其次,优化动作时序抑制前级高压器件切换引起的低压器件过电压;然后,设计特殊的关机模式抑制传统驱动全封锁关机造成的过电压问题。最后,在60kW的实验样机上验证了电压应力抑制方法的有效性。     

含储能的冷热电联供分布式能源微网优化运行

分布式综合能源微网具有冷/热/电/气多能耦合的典型特征,如何进行包含冷热电联供和多种储能设备的运行优化,一直是现阶段的重点和难点研究工作之一。本文建立了储能设备和冷热电联供系统模型,基于电/冷/热和烟气余热利用平衡等式约束、储能设备充放能约束以及系统各个设备上下限约束,并通过配置权重系数,以一个运行周期内运维总成本和CO2总排放量为综合运行优化目标。构建了某大学城典型场景,以储冷设备为例,配置储能设备的容量分别为0/2/4MW,分析了储能容量对分布式能源微网运行优化的影响。配置合适的储能设备容量,一个周期内的综合运行优化目标越低,越能兼顾经济性和碳排放的要求。     

UPFC系统的变压器差动保护分析

并联变压器和串联变压器是统一潮流控制器(UPFC)的核心交流器件,差动保护作为这两类变压器的主保护,受UPFC特殊的运行工况影响,在不同的运行条件和不同类型的故障下会表现出不同的特性。为分析评估UPFC中各类故障对差动保护的影响,文中以实际UPFC工程的控制系统为基础,讨论了各类故障下可能对并联、串联变压器差动保护灵敏性及可靠性产生影响的因素;根据变压器区内外典型故障的仿真结果,分析了差动保护在此类故障下的行为特征,形成差动保护的适应性分析,验证了保护配置的有效性;从保护设备的角度出发,讨论了阀控制保护与交流继电保护的关系,从防误和防拒两方面为UPFC工程的交流继电保护实施提供技术参考。     

基于碳化硅器件的无线充电系统电源设计

碳化硅(SiC)器件耐高频高温、散热性能好、导通电阻小,应用于无线充电系统可有效提高无线充电系统的效率。文中首先对比了SiC材料与Si材料的特性,在此基础上研制了一套基于SiC器件的无线充电系统电源装置。该装置由整流模块和逆变模块构成,输入端接市电,且装置的整流模块具有功率因数校正功能。文中详细给出了整流模块的整流桥选型策略、滤波电路参数设计方法、Boost电路功率器件和无源元件设计原则及开关管控制电路设计方法,还给出了逆变模块的开关管选型策略、开关管驱动电路和开关管保护电路的设计方法。最后,实验结果验证了方案的有效性和可行性,输入侧实现了高功率因数,逆变电路开关管电压振荡得到抑制,实验样机的效率峰值可达98.2%。     

含储能的冷热电联供分布式综合能源微网优化运行

分布式综合能源微网(DIEM)具有冷/热/电/气多能耦合的典型特征,如何进行包含冷热电联供(CCHP)和多种储能设备的运行优化,一直是现阶段研究工作的重点和难点之一。文中建立了储能设备和CCHP系统模型,基于电/冷/热和烟气余热,利用平衡等式约束、储能设备充放能约束以及系统各个设备上下限约束,并通过配置权重系数,以一个运行周期内运维总成本和CO 2总排放量为综合运行优化目标。构建了某大学城典型场景,以储能设备为例,配置储冷设备的容量分别为0 MW,2 MW,4 MW,分析了储能容量对DIEM运行优化的影响。配置合适的储能设备容量,一个周期内的综合运行优化目标越低,越能兼顾经济性和碳排放要求。     

Hygroresponsive Torsional Yarns and Actuators Based on Cascade Amplification of the Deformation

Fiber-based hygroresponsive torsional actuators provide desirable merits, such as light weight and shapeability, for developing smart systems to harvest energy from moisture which is a ubiquitous natural resource. A key challenge in this development is to realize moisture-triggered actuation combining large actuation and rapid responses. Here, a multiscale design strategy is explored to create high-performance hygroresponsive torsional actuators consisting of chitosan and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The superior actuation performance arises from the synergism of contributing factors at different scales, including 1) MWNCTs accelerate the water transport in primary twisted fibers (PTFs), fostering the rotation of PTFs upon moisture stimuli; 2) in situ-formed hierarchically-assembled twists realize cascade amplification of moisture-triggered actuation. Specifically, PTFs are self-twisted to generate secondary helical yarns, that are subsequently over-twisted to yield tertiary coiled yarn. The resultant yarn actuator can reach a maximum rotation speed of 11 400 rpm in 5 s, output gravitational potential energy of 2.4 J kg⁻¹ and gravitational potential power of 0.053 W kg⁻¹ during contraction. This work represents the first design of fiber-based actuators by virtue of moisture-triggered in situ formation of yarns. The established principles of multiscale design will enable high-performance fiber-based hygroresponsive actuators toward advanced intelligent textile and soft robotics.     

Material Design for 3D Multifunctional Hydrogel Structure Preparation

Hydrogels are recognized as one of the most promising materials for e-skin devices because of their unique applicable functionalities such as flexibility, stretchability, biocompatibility, and conductivity. Beyond the excellent sensing functionalities, the e-skin devices further need to secure a target-oriented 3D structure to be applied onto various body parts having complex 3D shapes. However, most e-skin devices are still fabricated in simple 2D film-type devices, and it is an intriguing issue to fabricate complex 3D e-skin devices resembling target body parts via 3D printing. Here, a material design guideline is provided to prepare multifunctional hydrogels and their target-oriented 3D structures based on extrusion-based 3D printing. The material design parameters to realize target-oriented 3D structures via 3D printing are systematically derived from the correlation between material design of hydrogels and their gelation characteristics, rheological properties, and 3D printing processability for extrusion-based 3D printing. Based on the suggested material design window, ion conductive self-healable hydrogels are designed and successfully applied to extrusion-based 3D printing to realize various 3D shapes.