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961.
The paper is devoted to the effect of compressibility of the avalanche snow impacting an obstacle. Compression shocks generated by obstacle cause high pressure peaks at first instants of impact. That is why the account of compressibility is essential for the understanding of measurements and the design of structures. The main problem in calculation compression shocks in avalanches is to formulate an equation of state for moving snow in impact. Two different types of equations of state are proposed depending on the type of the avalanche (low-density and high-density flows). The approach is not totally new. It was earlier proposed mainly in Russian literature. Here a brief review of the previous work is given with discussion of some gaps in it. The theory is reformulated and further developed to account thermodynamical equations. The simplest case of a normal compression shock in an avalanche flow is studied. Examples of estimations of pressure and density behind a shock are given. It is important to emphasize that the Mach number plays an important role in the theory of compressible flows so it should be taken into account (together with the Froude number) in calculation and modelling an avalanche impact pressure. 相似文献
962.
We consider the dynamics of a dark soliton in an elongated harmonically trapped Bose-Einstein condensate. A central question
concerns the behavior at finite temperatures, where dissipation arises due to the presence of a thermal cloud. We study this
problem using coupled Gross-Pitaevskii and N-body simulations, which include the mean field coupling between the condensate and thermal cloud. We find that the soliton
decays relatively quickly even at very low temperatures, with the decay rate increasing with rising temperature. 相似文献
963.
The equilibrium shape and dihedral angles at the solid–liquid–vapor tri-junctions of two-phase alloy small particles containing
a cusp-oriented interface were modeled as a function of phase fraction, surface energy and the interfacial energy. The calculation
was applied to different combinations of surface and/or interfacial energies to demonstrate the various possible particle
shapes and dihedral angles that result for two-phase particles. The dihedral angles at the tri-junction vary with the phase
fraction, due to the coupling between the relative amounts of each phase, interfacial energy relative to the two surface energies
and the equilibrium conditions at the tri-junction. These features can be used to find the ratio of the interfacial energy
to the surface energies of two-phase particles for any state of matter. 相似文献
964.
Reaction models are proposed to quantify the hydration products and to determine the composition of C–S–H from alkali-activated
slags (AAS). Products of the slag hydration are first summarized from observations in literature. The main hydration products
include C–S–H, hydrotalcite, hydrogarnet, AFm phases (C4AH13 and C2ASH8) and ettringite. Then, three stoichiometric reaction models are established correlating the mineral composition of slag (the
glass part) with the hydration products. Using the proposed models, quantities of hydration products and composition of C–S–H
are determined. The models are validated with a number of experimental investigations reported in literature, yielding good
agreement, i.e., these models can successfully predict the hydration reaction of AAS. The models are furthermore applied to
calculate the retained water in the hydration products of AAS in different hydration states and a general hydration equation
of AAS is derived. As an illustration to one of the model applications, chemical shrinkage of the AAS cement paste in different
hydration states are predicted. The chemical shrinkage of AAS is shown to be remarkably higher than OPC. Furthermore, phase
distribution in the hardened AAS paste and the porosity are calculated. 相似文献
965.
V. Thomas Paul S. Saroja P. Hariharan A. Rajadurai M. Vijayalakshmi 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(14):5700-5713
This paper presents the results of a study on the microstructural and microchemical variations in a multipass Gas Tungsten
Arc weld (GTAW) of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel. The changes brought about in the steel due to the heating and cooling cycles during
welding and the subsequent effects due to reheating effects during multipass welding are described. Detailed analytical transmission
electron microscopy has been carried to study the type and composition of the primary and secondary phases in this steel.
The systematic changes in microstructural parameters such as Prior Austenite Grain Size, martensite lath size, number density,
size and microchemistry of carbides, have been understood based on the different transformations that the steel undergoes
during the heating and cooling process. Based on the observed microstructure, an attempt has been made to identify distinct
microstructural zones and possible thermal cycles experienced by different regions of the weldment. 相似文献
966.
This article will review the development of the Fe–Ga (Galfenol) alloy system for magnetostriction applications including
work on substitutional ternary alloying additions for magnetic property enhancement. A majority of the alloying addition research
has focused on substitutional ternary elements in Bridgman grown single crystals with the intent of improving the magnetostrictive
capability of the Galfenol system. Single crystals provide the ideal vehicle to assess the effectiveness of the addition on
the magnetostrictive properties by eliminating grain boundary effects, orientation variations, and grain-to-grain interactions
that occur when polycrystals respond to applied magnetic fields. In almost all cases, ternary additions of transition metal
elements have decreased the magnetostriction values from the binary Fe–Ga alloy. Most of the ternary additions are known to
stabilize the D03 chemical order and could be a primary contribution to the observed reduction in magnetostriction. In contrast, both Sn and
Al are found to substitute chemically for Ga. For Sn additions, whose solubility is limited, no reduction in magnetostriction
strains are observed when compared to the equivalent binary alloy composition. Aluminum additions, whose effect on the magnetoelastic
coupling on Fe is similar to Ga, result in a rule of mixture relationship. The reviewed research suggests that phase stabilization
of the disordered bcc structure is a key component to increase the magnetostriction of Fe–Ga alloys. 相似文献
967.
On structural and high temperature electrochemical properties of ZrO2 thin film coating on Zr metal produced by carbonate melt 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Melt of NaCO3 can favor oxidation of Zr to form ZrO2 thin film on Zr surface, which is used to make Zr/ZrO2 oxidation/reduction electrode of pH sensor for testing elevated temperature aqueous solutions. Using SEM, EPMA, XPS, EXAFS
and HRTEM, we found that ZrO2 film is tightness and solid with 20 μm thickness composed by nanometer-sized monoclinic crystals. Zr/ZrO2 interface is characterized of zoning structure according to topography and chemical composition in five zones: oxygen-rich
ZrO2, ZrO2, oxygen-rich Zr metal, oxygen-bearing Zr and Zr from outmost to center. Melt oxidation process of Zr involved oxidation time,
air and temperature. The air is important effect on structural and electrochemical properties of ZrO2 thin film for making elevate temperature electrochemical sensor. If oxygen air largely presented in carbonate melting process,
ZrO2 thin film is not tightness and not for oxidation/reduction electrode. 相似文献
968.
Daniel X. Gouveia Odair P. Ferreira Antonio G. Souza Filho M. G. da Silva J. A. C. de Paiva Oswaldo L. Alves Josué Mendes Filho 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(2):534-538
The thermal decomposition properties of Mg–Fe hydrotalcites were studied through in situ 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and in situ X-ray diffraction. Abrupt changes in the quadrupolar splitting measured in the Mössbauer spectra revealed a phase transition from the starting lamellar structure to a new crystalline arrangement. By analyzing the Mössbauer parameters we show that the material is highly disordered in the 300–400 °C temperature range. This hypothesis is confirmed by the X-ray results whose diffractograms indicated the collapse of the lamellar structure and the formation of a solid solution. 相似文献
969.
Christian P. Romero Jonathan I. Avila Edgardo Cisternas Guerau B. Cabrera Alejandro L. Cabrera Kristiaan Temst Margriet J. Van Bael 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(18):7667-7672
Hydrogen desorption curves were obtained from a sample composed of a square arrangement of Co dots with average diameter of
4.4 μm, separated by a distance of 11.6 μm. A macroscopic sample of Co dots grown on a 2.5 × 2.5 cm Si substrate was made
by standard lithographic techniques and used in these experiments. Thermal programmed desorption (TPD) was performed under
ultra-high vacuum conditions. Hydrogen TPD curves were obtained from a 1 × 1 cm Co dots samples displaying a maximum of intensity
at 425 K. Hydrogen TPD curve was also obtained from 1 cm× 1 cm samples of Co films and Co foils for comparison. The hydrogen
TPD curves have decreasing intensity from the Co foils to the Co dots and finally to the Co films. This indicates that there
are more sites for hydrogen adsorption on the Co dots than in the Co films. This is a surprising result because there is approximately
8.7 times less Co atoms exposed in the Co dots that in the Co film sample. A desorption energy of 27 kcal/mol was obtained
for the Co dots suggesting that hydrogen is adsorbed on an hcp hollow site of the Co dot crystalline structure. 相似文献
970.
Mamiko Hori Cécile Pagnoux Jean-François Baumard Masayuki Nogami 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(1):80-86
A new method is proposed to produce gold nanoparticles (GNP) by in situ reduction of a gold salt dissolved in water. The reducing
agent used is Tiron instead of the citrate anion most often mentioned in literature. The influence of various parameters has
been investigated, such as the content of Tiron with respect to that of the precursor of gold HAuCl4, or the initial pH of the solution after mixing of reactants. It is shown that Tiron also exerts a positive influence as
a dispersant, which impedes agglomeration of gold nanoparticles. The typical average size of GNP synthesized in the present
work is close to 7 nm. 相似文献