Gaschromatographische Bestimmung der h?heren Ester in Weindestillat, Weinbrand, Branntwein und Wein. II

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund der Beobachtung, daß freie Fettsäuren die Bestimmung höherer Äthylester \ bei gaschromatographischer Trennung an Carbowax 20 M stören können, wurden Reihenversuche zur Eliminierung dieser Störpartner durchgeführt. Dabei erwies sich Natriumhydrogencarbonat günstiger als Natriumcarbonat. Eine geeignete Methode zur Bestimmung der gradkettigen Äthylester der Capron- bis Stearinsäure, die auch für die Äthylester von ungesättigten C₁₆- und C₁₈-Säuren verwendet werden kann, wird angegeben.

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Determination of the ethyl esters of long chain fatty acids in wine distillate, brandy, and wine. II

Summary Free fatty acids are able to interfere the determination of the ethyl esters by gas chromatography on Carbowax 20 M. Therefore series of tests were made to remove the fatty acids. Sodium hydrogen carbonate was found to be more suitable than sodium carbonate. A method is described to determine the ethyl esters of fatty acids of caproic to stearic acid and of the unsaturated fatty acids with 16 and 18 carbon atoms.

     

Reconfigurable receiver approach for future wireless terminals

An overview on RF-front-end architectures and technologies for future reconfigurable mobile communication is given. A favourable solution for fourth mobile generation is an extension of traditional cellular parameters by OFDM-based systems like WLAN. Therefore, an approach for widely reconfigurable receivers considering a variety of different standards, with the example of combining WCDMA and WLAN front-end into one architecture, is presented in this paper. RF-front-end key components like low noise amplifiers, mixers, and frequency synthesizers, as well as baseband variable gain amplifiers and filters are treated, particularly with regard to reconfigurable systems.     

Real-Time Noncoherent UWB Positioning Radar With Millimeter Range Accuracy: Theory and Experiment

In this paper, we propose a novel architecture for ultra-wideband (UWB) positioning systems, which combines the architectures of carrier-based UWB systems and traditional energy detection-based UWB systems. By implementing the novel architecture, we have successfully developed a standalone noncoherent system for positioning both static and dynamic targets in an indoor environment with approximately 2 and 5 mm of 3-D accuracy, respectively. The results are considered a great milestone in developing such technology. 1-D and 3-D experiments have been carried out and validated using an optical reference system, which provides better than 0.3-mm 3-D accuracy. This type of indoor high-accuracy wireless localization system has many unique applications including robot control, surgical navigation, sensitive material monitoring, and asset tracking.      

ADC Multi-Site Test Based on a Pre-test with Digital Input Stimulus

This paper describes two novel algorithms based on the time-modulo reconstruction method intended for detection of the parametric faults in analogue-to-digital converters (ADC). In both algorithms, a pulse signal, in its slightly adapted form to allow sufficient time for converter settling, is taken as the test stimulus relieving the burden placed on the accuracy requirement of the excitation source. Instead of calculating the accurate conventional dynamic and static parameters, a signature result is obtained through the analysis of the output data in the time domain. The basic concept of the algorithms is the evaluation on the performance of ADCs by the comparison of the similarity of the output waveforms. The multi-site test is expensive for traditional specification-based tests of ADCs, as high quality analogue data generators are required. Based on these two algorithms, this paper proposes a solution for this problem. The objective of the test scheme is not to completely replace traditional specification-based tests, but to provide a reliable method for early identification of excessive parameter variations in production test that allows quickly discarding of most of the faulty circuits before performing a conventional test. The efficiency of the methods is validated on an industrial 12-bit pipelined ADC both in simulations and in measurements.     

MRI-guided focused ultrasound: methodology and applications

Focused ultrasound is very well suited for inducing noninvasive local hyperthermia. Since magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be employed to obtain real-time temperature maps noninvasively the combination of these two technologies offers great advantages specifically aimed toward oncological studies. Real-time identification of the target region and accurate control of the temperature evolution during the treatment has now become possible. Thermal ablation of pathological tissue, local drug delivery using thermosensitive micro-carriers and controlled transgene expression using thermosensitive promoters have recently been demonstrated with this unique technology. Based on these experiments combined focused ultrasound and MRI thermometry holds promise for future oncological diagnostics and treatment. In this paper, we review some of the recent methodological developments as well as experimental and first clinical studies using this approach.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">μ</Emphasis>DTNSec: a security layer with lightweight certificates for Disruption-Tolerant Networks on microcontrollers

In Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networks, man-in-the-middle attacks are easy: due to the store-carry-forward principle, an attacker can simply place itself on the route between source and destination to eavesdrop or alter bundles. This weakness is aggravated in networks, where devices are energy-constrained but the attacker is not. To protect against these attacks, we design and implement μDTNSec, a security layer for Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networks on microcontrollers. Our design establishes a public key infrastructure with lightweight certificates as an extension to the Bundle Protocol. It has been fully implemented as an addition to μDTN on Contiki OS and uses elliptic curve cryptography and hardware-backed symmetric encryption. In this enhanced version of μDTNSec, public key identity bindings are validated by exchanging certificates using neighbor discovery. μDTNSec provides a signature mode for authenticity and a sign-then-encrypt mode for added confidentiality. Our performance evaluation shows that the choice of the curve dominates the influence of the payload size. We also provide energy measurements for all operations to show the feasibility of our security layer on energy-constrained devices. Because a high quality source of randomness is required, we evaluated the random number generators by the AT86RF231 radio, its successor AT86RF233, and one based on the noise of the A/D converter. We found that only AT86RF233 provides the required quality.     

A preamble-based approach for providing quality of service support in wireless sensor networks

Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are usually designed as random access protocols that apply different kinds of backoff strategies since Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) based protocols with admission control are very complex and require additional mechanisms for synchronization. Without such mechanisms, fair or priority based medium access with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees can hardly be achieved by existing protocols. Therefore, we developed a random access protocol which uses a new preamble-based medium access strategy that enables collision-free priority based access without the need of synchronization. In this paper we introduce different QoS strategies and their use cases. All strategies can be easily integrated in our protocol to meet the requirements of different target applications. Furthermore, we compare the performance of the strategies with a typical carrier-sense based protocol.     

Ontogenesis of peripheral electromagnetic receptors in hornets

This article traces the ontogenesis of peripheral electromagnetic receptors (PER) in the cuticle of the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). In the abdominal cuticle of adult hornets, the PERs are densely distributed throughout, but there are even more than 30 at the margins of the segments. These organelles develop as a network in the hornet cuticle immediately upon its completion. Briefly, from each basic cell of a PER grows a bulge towards the exterior, that is, towards the illuminated region of the cuticle. This bulge develops rapidly and as it grows it starts to push out and lift up the various layers of the cuticle, the while pressing them together. By a spiraling movement, the bulge insinuates itself between the layers, whereupon it dissolves and punctures its way through all the layers of the hypocuticle, via the endocuticle up to the exocuticle. The only cuticular layer that remains intact is the epicuticle, but even that undergoes change, assuming the shape of a smooth surface with a depression at its center. The indented part in the epicuticle is circular, approximately 2.5 microm in diameter and enables the entry of radiation (illumination) from the outside into the PER, which is located half-way down the cuticle, with the distance from the exterior to the base of the PER being approximately 25 microm. The numerous lamellae of the cuticle run parallel to one another, but in the region of the bulge they are either perpendicular or directed upwards. This ontogeny of the PERs lends the cuticle a sandwich-like shape, being radically perforated by the PERs bulges, yet covered at the top by the epicuticle and at the bottom by basal cells. The PERs also extend shoots into the cuticular layer and these further perforate the cuticle but also interlink the various PERs. From all the above, it is clear that the cuticle forms first and only subsequently does the network of PERs develop and interpenetrate its various layers.     

Insights into the Adhesive Mechanisms of Tree Frogs using Artificial Mimics

Elastic, microstructured surfaces (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) mimicking the surface structure of tree‐frog toe‐pads are fabricated. Their adhesion and friction behaviour in the presence of a liquid layer is evaluated and compared to flat controls. Tree‐frog‐like patterns are beneficial for wet adhesion only if the liquid does not wet the surface. The situation is different in friction, where the surface structure lead to significantly higher friction forces only if the liquid does wet the surface. Taking into account that tree‐frog attachment pads are hydrophilic and that their secretion wets all kind of surfaces, our results indicate that the surface structure in tree‐frog toe‐pads has been developed for climbing, when shear (friction) forces are involved. These results evidence the benefits and limitations of the surface design (microstructure and hydrophilicity) for adhesion and friction under wet conditions.