全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9895篇 |
免费 | 192篇 |
国内免费 | 19篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 100篇 |
综合类 | 17篇 |
化学工业 | 1163篇 |
金属工艺 | 112篇 |
机械仪表 | 68篇 |
建筑科学 | 395篇 |
矿业工程 | 41篇 |
能源动力 | 78篇 |
轻工业 | 5504篇 |
水利工程 | 19篇 |
石油天然气 | 19篇 |
无线电 | 332篇 |
一般工业技术 | 776篇 |
冶金工业 | 899篇 |
原子能技术 | 27篇 |
自动化技术 | 556篇 |
出版年
2016年 | 129篇 |
2015年 | 112篇 |
2014年 | 137篇 |
2013年 | 238篇 |
2012年 | 152篇 |
2011年 | 200篇 |
2010年 | 139篇 |
2009年 | 182篇 |
2008年 | 192篇 |
2007年 | 232篇 |
2006年 | 153篇 |
2005年 | 156篇 |
2004年 | 122篇 |
2003年 | 130篇 |
2002年 | 116篇 |
1999年 | 96篇 |
1998年 | 116篇 |
1997年 | 104篇 |
1996年 | 103篇 |
1995年 | 93篇 |
1993年 | 110篇 |
1990年 | 101篇 |
1989年 | 127篇 |
1988年 | 106篇 |
1987年 | 104篇 |
1985年 | 110篇 |
1984年 | 124篇 |
1981年 | 101篇 |
1980年 | 109篇 |
1978年 | 107篇 |
1977年 | 109篇 |
1976年 | 129篇 |
1973年 | 107篇 |
1972年 | 102篇 |
1971年 | 100篇 |
1970年 | 97篇 |
1969年 | 95篇 |
1966年 | 102篇 |
1916年 | 109篇 |
1915年 | 106篇 |
1913年 | 105篇 |
1912年 | 134篇 |
1911年 | 117篇 |
1910年 | 122篇 |
1909年 | 136篇 |
1908年 | 131篇 |
1907年 | 129篇 |
1906年 | 129篇 |
1905年 | 129篇 |
1904年 | 120篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
101.
Siegfried Noack und Richard Wohlgemuth 《Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A》1985,180(2):101-108
Zusammenfassung In Modellversuchen wurden Haselnüsse, Sojabohnen und Weizen bei zeitlich nicht konstanter Konzentration mit Phosphin begast. Dabei wurden — in Anlehnung an die Begasungspraxis —verschiedene Konzentrationsverläufe mit zunächst ansteigender und nach Überschreiten eines Maximums wieder abfallender PH3-Konzentration hinsichtlich des Einflusses auf die Rückstandsbildung bzw. den Rückstandsabbau untersucht. Die Rückstandshöhe während der Begasung als auch das Rückstandsverhalten bei der anschließenden Lagerung der behandelten Produkte wurde mit einem gaschromatographischen Verfahren überwacht. Die sich bildenden Phosphin-Rückstände folgen dabei der Tendenz nach dem Konzentrationsprofil, sie durchlaufen ebenfalls ein Maximalwert. Rückstände, die in der Phase der ansteigenden Konzentration entstehen, bauen jedoch bei der Lagerung schneller ab als gleich hohe Rückstände, die sich in der Zeit der absinkenden Konzentration bilden. Bei sehr flach verlaufender Konzentration tritt der Maximal-Rückstand gegenüber dem Konzentrationsmaximum zeitlich verzögert auf, bei sehr steilem Konzentrationsverlauf fallen beide Maxima zusammen. Die Vorgänge lassen sich durch das Diffusions- und Sorptionsverhalten des Phosphins begründen. Es wird ein Vergleich mit dem Konzentrationsverlauf bei Praxisbegasungen geführt. Die Einflüsse, die ein stetiges Konzentrationsprofil mit nur einem Maximum bzw. einen Verlauf mit häufig steigender und fallender Konzentration bedingen, werden erläutert und das in beiden Fällen unterschiedliche Rückstandsverhalten untersucht und diskutiert. Schlußfolgerungen für die Begasungspraxis werden gezogen.
Gefördert im Rahmen einer Sachbeihilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft an Dr. R. Wohlgemuth, Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Vorratsschutz, Berlin-Dahlem, zum Thema: Untersuchungen zum Einfluß verschiedener Parameter auf die Rückstandsbildung bei der Begasung von Lebensmitteln gegen Schädlinge 相似文献
Phosphine residues in hazelnuts, soybeans, and wheat after fumigation with non constant cocentrations
Summary In model tests hazelnuts, soy beans and wheat were fumigated with phosphine (PH3) at non constant concentrations. The influence of different concentration characteristics on the fumigation and the decomposition of phosphine residues was investigated in accordance with the fumigation technique. At the beginning the concentration increases, and after attaining the maximum gradually decreases to zero. The level of residues during the fumigation as well as the behaviour of residues during the storage of the fumigated products was monitored with a gaschromatographic method. The residues correlate with the concentration of phosphine, they also pass through a peak. The rate of decomposition of residues which had been formed in the phase of increasing concentration is greater than the rate of residues of equal magnitude which had been formed during the decreasing phase. When the concentration is even the maximum residue occurs later than the maximum concentration; when there is a steep trend both maximums coincide. This behaviour can be explained by the sorption and diffusion of phosphine. A comparison is made with the phosphine concentration which occurs during fumigation in practice. The parameters which produce a constant concentration trend with only one maximum and a non constant trend with an often increasing and decreasing concentration are discussed. The different behaviour of residues in these cases is described. Conclusions are drawn for the practice of fumigation.
Gefördert im Rahmen einer Sachbeihilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft an Dr. R. Wohlgemuth, Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Vorratsschutz, Berlin-Dahlem, zum Thema: Untersuchungen zum Einfluß verschiedener Parameter auf die Rückstandsbildung bei der Begasung von Lebensmitteln gegen Schädlinge 相似文献
102.
Harald App Helmut Holzer 《Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A》1985,181(4):276-282
Summary The activity of yeast trehalase when assayed at pH 7 in a crude extract was found to increase 2- to 3-fold upon incubation with 0.1 % (v/v) polyethyleneimine or other polycations such as polylysine (0.075-mMol) and calf thymus histories (0.08 mMol). Incubation with 3 mM-Mn2+ and 5 mM-Ca2+ also led to 3- and 1.6-fold increases in trehalase activity, respectively. The activities of 11 other enzymes assayed in the crude yeast extract did not increase after addition of polyethylene imine. At concentrations of polyethylenemine that maximally stimulated trehalase activity, 97% of the total RNA present in the crude extract, 40% of total protein, and 60% of the polyphosphate (assayed as inorganic phosphate liberated during 7 min incubation at 95 °C and pH O) were found to be precipitated. A similar finding was made with trehalase-stimulating concentrations of Mn2+. Activation of trehalase by polyethylene imine rendered this enzyme susceptible to inhibition by a preparation of total yeast RNA, inorganic polyphosphates, and related polyanions. We present further evidence that the removal of a distinct RNA and/or polyphosphate is the basic principle of polyetyleneimine-induced activation of trehalase.A more pronounced stimulation of trehalase activity (4-fold) could be obtained by enzymatic phosphorylation with ATP in the presence of cyclic AMP and Mg2+ as described by van Solingen and van der Plaat (1975) [9]. Thus, trehalase 2-fold activated by polyethylene imine was further activated by another 2-fold increase by enzymatic phosphorylation. Conversely, no additional stimulation by polyethylene imine was obtained for the maximally active, phosphorylated enzyme. We conclude that phosphorylation-mediated activation of trehalase is a two-step event, one being the removal of an inhibitor, which can be achieved by polyethylene imine or related cations independent on phosphorylation. The most likely candidate for the inhibitor appears to be a distinct RNA.
Abbreviation PEI polyethylene imine The followingenzymes are mentioned in the text: Alcohol dehydrogenase Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (1.1.1.12), Malate dehydrogenase (1.1.1.37), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (1.1.1.49), Glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD) (1.4.1.2), Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP) (1.4.1.4), Aspartate -ketoglutarate aminotransferase (2.6.1.1), 6-Phosphofructokinase (2.7.1.11), Neutral trehalase (3.2.1.28), Pyruvate decarboxylase (4.1.1.1), Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (4.1.1.49).This paper is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Karl Decker on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
Kontrolle der neutralen Hefen-Trehalase durch bestimmte Polyphosphate und RNA
Zusammenfassung Die in einem rohen Extrakt aus Hefe bei pH 7 gemessene Aktivität von Trehalase nimmt bei der Inkubation mit 0,1% Polyethylenimin oder mit anderen Polykationen, wie Polylysin (0,075 mmol) oder Histon aus Kalbsthymus (0,08 mmol) auf das zwei- bis dreifache zu. Auch die Inkubation mit 3 mmol Mn2+ oder 5 mmol Ca2+ führt zu einer 3-, bzw. 1,6fachen Zunahme der Trehalase-Aktivität. Die Aktivität von 11 anderen Enzymen, die im rohen Extrakt aus Hefe bestimmt wurden, nimmt nach Zusatz von Polyethylenimin nicht zu. Bei der Inkubation mit Polyethylenimin, das eine maximale Stimulierung der Trehalase-Aktivität bewirkt, werden 97% der gesamten Ribonucleinsäure, 40% des gesamten Proteins und 60% des Polyphosphats (bestimmt als anorganisches Phosphat, das in 7 min bei 95 °C und pH O freigesetzt wird) präcipitiert. Eine gleichartige Präcipitation wurde bei der Inkubation mit Trehalase-stimulierenden Konzentrationen von Mn2+ beobachtet. Mit Polyethylenimin aktivierte Trehalase wird durch Ribonucleinsäure aus Hefe, anorganisches Polyphosphat und verwandte Polyanionen gehemmt. Vermutlich führt die Entfernung einer bestimmten Ribonucleinsäure-Fraktion und/oder von Polyphosphat zu der Polyethylenimin-induzierten Aktivierung der Trehalase.Wie von van Solingen und van der Plaat 1975 beschrieben [9], wird eine 4fache Stimulierung von Trehalase durch enzymatische Phosphorylierung mit ATP in der Gegenwart von cyclischem AMP und Mg2+ erreicht. Das so durch Phosphorylierung maximal aktivierte Enzym kann durch Zusatz von Polyethylenimin nicht weiter aktiviert werden. Das mit Polyethylenimin 2fach aktivierte Enzym kann jedoch noch einmal 2fach weiter aktiviert werden durch enzymatische Phosphorylierung. Aus diesen Beobachtungen wird geschlossen, daß die durch enzymatische Phosphorylierung bewirkte Aktivierung der Trehalase ein zweistufiger Vorgang ist: Zuerst findet die Entfernung eines Inhibitors statt (dies kann auch mit Polyethylenimin oder mit verwandten Kationen unabhängig von der enzymatischen Phosphorylierung erreicht werden), hierauf folgt weitere Aktivierung durch Konformationsänderung des Enzyms. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich bei dem durch Phosphorylierung bzw. Behandlung mit Polyethylenimin abgetrennten Inhibitor um eine gewisse Ribonucleinsäure-Fraktion.
Abbreviation PEI polyethylene imine The followingenzymes are mentioned in the text: Alcohol dehydrogenase Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (1.1.1.12), Malate dehydrogenase (1.1.1.37), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (1.1.1.49), Glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD) (1.4.1.2), Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP) (1.4.1.4), Aspartate -ketoglutarate aminotransferase (2.6.1.1), 6-Phosphofructokinase (2.7.1.11), Neutral trehalase (3.2.1.28), Pyruvate decarboxylase (4.1.1.1), Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (4.1.1.49).This paper is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Karl Decker on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
103.
Functional polymers differ from structural polymers in various aspects. The most evident difference is their lack of visibility as they are mostly empolyed in surface applications, e.g. as crystal growth modifiers to inhibit encrustation in detergents, as hair setting agents, or as electro-conductive films. Additional important differences concerning the motivation for new developments, market aspects, and customer relationships are the subject of this paper. The development of technology and market competence in the field of functional polymers and the special problems of low-volume, high-performance chemicals are discussed in detail. The paper deals with examples of recent developments: Polyaramides for membranes, 3,4-polyethylenedioxythiophene as an electroconductive polymer, polyaspartic acid as a biodegradable polycarboxylate in detergents, highly crosslinked, insoluble vinylpyrrolidone/vinylimidazole copolymers for the removal of heavy metals from wine, and finally an insoluble, crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex for the sterile filtration of liquids. The outlook discusses the research challenges which remain before a full understanding of the structure/property relationships can be attained. 相似文献
104.
A hybrid ab initio path integral molecular dynamics/bosonic path integral Monte Carlo simulation method has been developed, implemented and tested, which allows for the reactive simulations of molecules, clusters or complexes solvated by superfluid 4He. The simulation takes into account “on-the-fly” the electronic structure and thus the chemical reactivity of the solutes, in conjunction with the Bose–Einstein statistics, and thus the superfluid character of this peculiar solvent. This enables investigations into cryochemical reactions taking place in helium nanodroplets, such as those used in helium nanodroplet isolation (HENDI) spectroscopy. 相似文献
105.
Entrepreneurship and the carbon market: opportunities and challenges for South African entrepreneurs
The Kyoto Protocol and its implementation brought forward issues of climate change and its mitigation strategy by national measures through the creation of market mechanisms in carbon trading. The trading of emission certificates has become an important trade commodity worldwide, and its markets have diversified. While this opportunity has created new markets for entrepreneurs and actors that range from farmers to brokers, unequal involvement in most developing countries is noted. This has been mostly observed in those countries where entrepreneurship is often regarded as the cornerstone of economic growth and social improvement. South Africa has spearheaded other African countries in its implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects leading to carbon trading. Based on our research on South African entrepreneurship and its involvement in the carbon market, we conclude that albeit a number of opportunities, the biggest challenge for entrepreneurial participation in the carbon market remains in the nature and processes of CDM project implementation, the lack of a clear supportive system, limited access to financing and—more importantly—general ignorance of the trading opportunities by entrepreneurs. The complex nature of CDM projects themselves limits participation due to lack of the necessary skills on the national level leading to uneven distribution of CDM projects on provincial levels in South Africa. Recommendations are provided to overcome the obstacles and to promote entrepreneurial activity in the carbon market. 相似文献
106.
The honey bee,Apis mellifera, is one of only a few species of phytophagous insects known to be unable to convert C-24 alkyl phytosterols to cholesterol.
Regardless of the dietary sterols available to worker bees, the major tissue sterol of brood reared by the workers is always
24-methylenecholesterol, followed by sitosterol and isofucosterol. Normally, little or no cholesterol is present in honey
bee sterols. The maintenance of high levels of certain sterols is accomplished through a selective transfer of sterols from
the endogenous sterol pools of the workers to the developing larvae through the brood food material secreted from the hypopharyngeal
and mandibular glands and/or the honey stomach of the workers. The selective uptake and transfer of radiolabeled C27, C28 and C29 sterols have been studied to correlate these aspects of sterol utilization with the discovery of an unusual molting hormone
(ecdysteroid) in honey bee pupae as the major ecdysteroid of this stage of development. The phylogenetic implications of this
selective transfer phenomenon in the honey bee and comparison with sterol metabolism in certain other hymenopteran species
emphasize the diversity of steroid biochemistry in insects. 相似文献
107.
A method is described for the preparation of ganglioside Glac2 [(II3(NeuAc)2-LacCer, GD3] from cream of bovine milk using liquid-phase extraction with methanol or ethanol followed by anion exchange
chromatography. The method is rapid and inexpensive; 1 kg cream, centrifuged from 14–15 L of bovine milk, yields approximately
70 mg of pure ganglioside Glac2. The sialic acid constituent of ganglioside Glac2 isolated from bovine milk cream consists solely of theN-acetylneuraminic acid derivative. The major components of its ceramide consist of octadecasphing-4-enine and the 22∶0 (behenic
acid) and 23∶0 fatty acids.
Short hand notations for gangliosides are according to Wiegandt (Ref. 1). Glac2, (II3(NeuAc)2-LacCer) is NeuAcα,8NeuAcα,-3Galβ,4Glcβ,1Cer; Gtet1, (II3NeuAc-Gg4Cer) is Gal\,3GalNAcβ,-4(NeuAcα,3)Galβ,4Glcβ,1Cer. 相似文献
108.
Gerard E. Lenain Herbert A. McKinstry Dinesh K. Agrawal 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1985,68(9):224-C
The X-ray diffraction pattern for potassium-zirconium phosphate is significantly improved when the material is prepared by the sol-gel route rather than the powder method. Peaks at high, low, and intermediate angles are presented and compared for the two methods. It is assumed that the more nearly homogeneous mixing of the elements in the sol-gel process is responsible for the significant improvement in crystallinity. 相似文献
109.
Bernhard Haslhofer Robert Sanderson Rainer Simon Herbert van de Sompel 《Multimedia Tools and Applications》2014,70(2):847-867
Many Web portals allow users to associate additional information with existing multimedia resources such as images, audio, and video. However, these portals are usually closed systems and user-generated annotations are almost always kept locked up and remain inaccessible to the Web of Data. We believe that an important step to take is the integration of multimedia annotations and the Linked Data principles. We present the current state of the Open Annotation Model, explain our design rationale, and describe how the model can represent user annotations on multimedia Web resources. Applying this model in Web portals and devices, which support user annotations, should allow clients to easily publish and consume, thus exchange annotations on multimedia Web resources via common Web standards. 相似文献
110.
Text displayed in a video is an essential part for the high-level semantic information of the video content. Therefore, video text can be used as a valuable source for automated video indexing in digital video libraries. In this paper, we propose a workflow for video text detection and recognition. In the text detection stage, we have developed a fast localization-verification scheme, in which an edge-based multi-scale text detector first identifies potential text candidates with high recall rate. Then, detected candidate text lines are refined by using an image entropy-based filter. Finally, Stroke Width Transform (SWT)- and Support Vector Machine (SVM)-based verification procedures are applied to eliminate the false alarms. For text recognition, we have developed a novel skeleton-based binarization method in order to separate text from complex backgrounds to make it processible for standard OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software. Operability and accuracy of proposed text detection and binarization methods have been evaluated by using publicly available test data sets. 相似文献