Experiment planning for combinatorial materials discovery

The introduction of combinatorial methods into materials discovery and optimization presents new challenges for experiment planning. The need for new or adapted experimental design approaches in combinatorial materials discovery stems from the dramatic expansion in numbers of materials and experimental variables that can be considered using combinatorial approaches. This paper presents an overview of some of the experimental design strategies being developed and used for combinatorial discovery and characterization of materials. Parallels between materials versus drug discovery are drawn and various modes of combinatorial experimentation are outlined: mapping, screening and optimization. Specific methods for incorporation of prior knowledge into experimental design include statistical design of experiments, diversity techniques, hierarchical and hybrid approaches such as neural networks, and search techniques like Monte Carlo optimization and genetic algorithms.     

Total-body and regional bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density in children aged 8-18 y: the Fels Longitudinal Study

We used a modification of the isolated perfused rat heart, in which coronary effluent and interstitial transudate were separately collected, to investigate the localization and production of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the heart. During combined renin (0.7 to 1.5 pmol Ang I/mL per minute) and angiotensinogen (6 to 12 pmol/mL) perfusion (4 to 8 mL/min) for 60 minutes (n=3), the steady-state levels of Ang II in interstitial transudate in two consecutive 10-minute periods were 4.3+/-1.5 and 3.6+/-1.5 fmol/mL compared with 1.1+/-0.4 and 1.1+/-0.6 fmol/mL in coronary effluent (mean+/-half range). During perfusion with Ang II (n=5), steady-state Ang II in interstitial transudate was 32+/-19% of arterial Ang II compared with 65+/-16% in coronary effluent (mean+/-SD, P<.02). During perfusion with Ang I (n=5), Ang II in interstitial transudate was 5.1+/-0.6% of arterial Ang I compared with 2.2+/-0.3% in coronary effluent (P<.05). The tissue concentration of Ang II in the combined renin/angiotensinogen perfusions (per gram) was as high as the concentration in interstitial transudate (per milliliter). Addition of losartan (10(-6) mol/L) to the renin/angiotensinogen perfusion (n=3) had no significant effect on the tissue level of Ang II, whereas losartan in the perfusions with Ang I (n=5) or Ang II (n=5) decreased tissue Ang II to undetectably low levels. The results indicate that the heart is capable of producing Ang II and that this can lead to higher levels in tissue than in blood plasma. Cardiac Ang II does not appear to be restricted to the extracellular fluid. This is in part due to AT1-receptor-mediated cellular uptake of extracellular Ang II, but our results also raise the possibility of intracellular Ang II production.     

Determination of Coordinated Maintenance Scheduling Frequencies for a Group of Machines

An economic model of maintenance planning for a machine shop is developed. Maintenance can be performed on an individual machine or the entire group of machines simultaneously. The coordinated maintenance on the group would save on the fixed costs associated with separate overhauls. The frequencies of maintenance on each machine within two consecutive coordinated overhauls and the time between these coordinated overhauls is determined. The resulting model selects a solution that is close to the minimum of the total cost of production and maintenance.     

Efficacy of an iodine backflush for preventing new intramammary infections

Efficacy of an iodine backflush system for reducing new intramammary infection was tested in two 11-wk trials. Forty cows in each trial were paired by breed, age, stage of lactation, and intramammary infection status. Each pair was assigned randomly either to a group milked with clusters that were reverse flushed with water, 25 ppm iodine, water and air or to a group milked with clusters receiving no backflush treatment between cows. Backflushing clusters reduced infections caused by Corynebacterium bovis and coagulase-positive staphylococci in both trials. However, backflushing clusters produced no clear advantage for reducing new infections with coagulase-negative staphylococci, Gram-negative bacilli, or streptococci (species other than Streptococcus agalactiae). No differences in somatic cell counts between experimental groups were observed. Teat cup liners and teat ends were swabbed after 120 and 1200 milkings/liner. Total microbial counts were significantly greater for liners that were not backflushed than from backflushed liners at each swabbing. However, no differences were significant between groups for mean teat end microbial counts in either trial.     

Educational facilities and financial assistance for graduate students in psychology: 1966-67.

This report is similar to previous ones on educational facilities and financial assistance for graduate students in psychology. Institutions with graduate programs in psychology are listed, with information supplied by the respective departments. There is no evaluation of these programs and no implication of approval of them by the American Psychological Association, except those doctoral programs in clinical psychology and in counseling psychology that are indicated by the phrase, "PhD in clinical and counseling APA-approved." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Production of psychology doctorates in the United States.

Presents an analysis of data provided by Rechtenwald (1961) on psychology doctorates. His data, taken from "Statistical Abstract of the United States, originated with the U.S. Office of Education, as a portion of its "Earned Degrees Conferred" series. Disparities in data are examined, including discrepancies between the USOE data and the OSP data for the period 1949-56. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Victimization, self-monitoring, and eyewitness identification.

38 undergraduate low self-monitors and 42 undergraduate high self-monitors (as determined by a scale of self-monitoring of expressive behavior) witnessed in small groups a staged crime of either their own wristwatches or a laboratory calculator. Campus police detectives took individual witness statements as if a real crime had occurred, and using biased or unbiased instructions, police administered a suspect-present photospread. Results show that victim witnesses who had been given biased instructions gave the least accurate identifications and that high self-monitoring Ss were least likely to reject the lineup when instructions were biased. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)