Effect of liquid flavor supplementation of the diet on dairy cows in the transition period

A 9-wk trial was conducted to study the performance of 24 Holstein cows during the transition period (3 wk prepartum to 6 wk postpartum). Cows were assigned to either a control or liquid-flavored (0.52 mL/kg of feed) total mixed ration in a randomized complete block design. The diets contained corn silage, alfalfa haylage, cottonseed, and a grain mix based on ground corn and soybean meal. Cows were fed to ensure 10% orts, and the diet provided (on a dry matter basis) 13% crude protein, 32% acid detergent fiber, 44% neutral detergent fiber, and 1.54 Mcal/kg of NEL prepartum and 17.5% crude protein, 30% acid detergent fiber, 40% neutral detergent fiber, and 1.57 Mcal/kg of NEL postpartum. An additional 2.3 kg of alfalfa hay was fed during the first 5 d postpartum. Weekly means of dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, SNF, somatic cell counts, and body weight (BW) were analyzed using a repeated measures procedure. There was no effect of treatment on these variables, and least squares means were 16.9 and 15.7 kg/d for DMI, 38 and 35.3 kg/d for milk yield, 3.10 and 3.11% for milk protein, 3.69 and 3.74% for milk fat, 8.37 and 8.16% for SNF, 1.99 x 10(5) and 4.33 x 10(5) for somatic cell count, and 631 and 651 kg for BW for cows fed control and flavored diets, respectively. Individual cow daily DMI data were fitted to an exponential model describing pre- and postpartum feed consumption [DMI = a - b x e(-c x t), where DMI was measured in kg, a = asymptotic DMI, b = potential fractional increase in DMI, c = fractional rate of increase in DMI, and t = days prior to calving or days in milk]. Fractional rates of increase in DMI were similar: 0.139 and 0.123/d for control and flavored diets, respectively. Data for both groups were separately analyzed using multiple regression with 3.5% fat-corrected milk as the dependent variable and BW and DMI as independent variables. More BW was mobilized per unit increase in 3.5% fat-corrected milk in cows fed the control than in cows fed the flavored diet. Cows fed the control diet tended to be in more negative energy balance during early lactation than cows fed the flavored diet. It was concluded that feeding flavor improved energy balance of cows in early lactation and may reduce the risk of health or reproductive problems.     

Classification of stable configurations of plane mirrors

We have studied the stability of systems of plane mirrors by using a new way to describe ray transformations caused by such systems. All stable systems comprising as many as three mirrors are described and classified. Besides the well-known corner cube, infinitely many stable retroreflecting and direction-preserving three-mirror systems have been found.     

Efficiency in water quality control for the Wilamette River

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, P.L. 92-500, requires tertiary treatment of all effluent by 1983; Oregon State policy focuses on maintaining future effluent discharges at a level no greater than current levels. The Federal and State policies are combined in planning for the future management of the quality of the Willamette River. As a consequence, the Willamette will be clean-too clean- and the economic inefficiency inherent in the water quality control plan will cause misallocation of public resources. This misallocation could be avoided by incorporating economic principles, especially cost comparisons and the consideration of alternative procedures, into the water quality plan.     

Exploring scenarios for the future of energy management in UK property

The most appropriate responses to the energy management of buildings from now until 2050 are investigated through a process of scenario planning. A qualitative, explorative approach was undertaken to develop four 2050 scenario end-states resulting from an axis of two critical uncertainties not closely correlated: the attitudes of society towards sustainability; and the availability of energy. These scenarios were applied to the property industry through expert workshops, from which trends and themes were identified. The findings are that the property industry should prepare for a transitional period with an uncertain outlook. Therefore, it would be prudent for this industry to focus on resilient performance under a diverse set of futures, and plausible shock events, rather than optimizing for today's conditions. This could be challenging in a sector that works on relatively long time scales. Aspects that should be incorporated into property industry strategy are suggested: responding to the potential effects of climate change; understanding what drives communities and investing in buildings that are significant to the community's functions; considering transport links as key to successful property investments; adopting the latest technological innovations; and becoming more ‘full service’ and interdisciplinary. A need for a paradigm shift in the industries' practices was also identified.

Les réponses les plus appropriées à la gestion énergétique des bâtiments d'ici 2050 sont étudiées en ayant recours à un processus de planification par scénarios. Une approche qualitative exploratrice a été adoptée afin de développer quatre conclusions de scénario pour 2050, résultant d'un axe formé par deux incertitudes cruciales qui ne sont pas étroitement corrélées: les attitudes de la société envers la durabilité et la disponibilité de l'énergie. Ces scénarios ont été appliqués à l'industrie de l'immobilier par l'intermédiaire d'ateliers d'experts, grâce auxquels des tendances et des thèmes ont été identifiés. Il en ressort que l'industrie de l'immobilier devrait se préparer à une période de transition offrant des perspectives incertaines. En conséquence, il serait prudent que cette industrie concentre ses efforts sur le maintien de solides performances face à différents avenirs possibles, et à des évènements chocs plausibles, plutôt que sur une optimisation par rapport aux conditions d'aujourd'hui. Ceci pourrait être difficile dans un secteur qui travaille sur des échelles de temps relativement longues. Il est suggéré des aspects qui devraient être intégrés à la stratégie de l'industrie de l'immobilier: répondre aux effets potentiels du changement climatique; comprendre ce qui constitue le moteur des collectivités et investir dans des bâtiments qui soient significatifs pour les fonctions de la collectivité; considérer les liaisons de transport comme essentielles pour des investissements immobiliers réussis; adopter les dernières innovations technologiques; et devenir davantage « un service complet » et interdisciplinaire. A également été identifiée la nécessité d'un changement de paradigme dans les pratiques des industries.

bâtiments, gestion énergétique, planification future, secteur de l'immobilier, résilience, scénarios, incertitude     

Electromigration Damage Characterization in Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu and Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu-0.5Ce Solder Joints by Three-Dimensional X-ray Tomography and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Cerium (Ce)-containing Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu alloy exhibits desirable attributes of microstructural refinement, increased ductility, and mechanical shock performance, while possessing better oxidation resistance than other rare-earth-containing solders. In addition to the beneficial mechanical properties, it is imperative to study the reliability performance of novel solder alloys in the form of electromigration experiments, in comparison with Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu. In this study, electromigration tests were conducted on solder joints at elevated temperature with a constant current using a V-groove testing methodology. The microstructural change of solder joints during electromigration was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the void growth was monitored utilizing the three-dimensional (3D) x-ray microtomography imaging technique. The current density inside the solder matrix was determined by 3D microstructure-based finite-element modeling. Finally, the product of diffusivity and effective charge number of solder joints during electromigration was calculated from both marker displacement and 3D void growth. It was found that electromigration-induced Cu diffusion in Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu-0.5Ce alloy was greatly accelerated, and void formation at the cathode side was retarded as a result of finer microstructure and existence of CeSn₃ intermetallic particles.     

Normative data for the F(p) Scale of the MMPI–2: Implications for clinical and forensic assessment of malingering.

Data from several clinical samples and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 standardization group are presented to familiarize the reader with response patterns of different groups on a new validity scale designed to assist in the identification of exaggeration or fabrication of psychological disturbance. Sensitivity-specificity analyses are included along with suggestions for use of the F(p) Scale with other validity scales. Cautions about setting single cutoff scores are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Seeing versus imagining movement in depth.

Six undergraduate students participated in 2 experiments to determine whether the same mechanisms are activated during perception of real vs apparent motion. In Exp 1, Ss judged the quality of rigid motion between pairs of 3-dimensional drawings that differed by a rotation in depth. Rated quality of motion decreased with increasing angular disparity between the figures and with decreasing stimulus duration, regardless of whether the figures were vertical or oblique. In Exp 2, Ss participated in a mental rotation task using the same stimuli and angular disparities. Ss took longer to make decisions about obliquely aligned than vertically aligned stimuli. Results imply that perceived vs imagined movement through the same trajectory involves different processes. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Impression formation: The role of expressive behavior.

35 female and 27 male undergraduates completed the Personality Research Form, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Self-Monitoring Scale. Ss were also assessed on posed emotional sending ability and on physical attractiveness. Ss were then videotaped while giving a spontaneous "explanation." Trained coders measured 5 separate nonverbal cue factors displayed by the Ss in the videotapes. Groups of untrained judges viewed the tapes and rated their impressions of the Ss on scales of likability, speaking effectiveness, and expressivity-confidence. Males who were nonverbally skilled and extraverted tended to display more outwardly focused and fluid expressive behaviors, and made more favorable impressions on judges, than did males who scored low on the measures of nonverbal skills and extraversion. Females who were nonverbally skilled displayed more facial expressiveness, which led to more favorable initial impressions. It is suggested that these sex differences may reflect basic differences in the acquisition and use of expressive nonverbal cues by males and females. (45 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Tomatine,chlorophyll, β‐carotene and lycopene content in tomatoes during growth and maturation

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants synthesise nutrients, pigments and secondary metabolites. These include the green pigment chlorophyll, the yellow pigment β‐carotene, the red pigment lycopene and the colourless glycoalkaloid α‐tomatine. The levels of these compounds are strongly influenced by the maturity of the tomatoes. Widely consumed Japanese tomato varieties Momotaro, Momotaro‐T93 and First Memory at five different stages of ripeness, each harvested at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after flowering of the plants, were analysed for the contents of these compounds. Additionally, tomato clusters from different locations along the vine on the same plant were also evaluated. The results show that chlorophyll and tomatine concentrations decrease rapidly during the growth of the tomatoes. By contrast, β‐carotene and lycopene levels are low in immature and high in mature tomatoes. The location of the tomato clusters and tomato variety did not significantly affect these results. The possible usefulness of these results to optimise health‐promoting effects of tomatoes is discussed. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry