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11.
Herbert S. Bennett 《Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology》2007,112(4):209-221
In this paper, we present the theory for calculating Raman line shapes as functions of the Fermi energy and finite temperatures in zinc blende, n-type GaAs for donor densities between 1016 cm−3 and 1019 cm−3. Compared to other theories, this theory is unique in two respects: 1) the many-body effects are treated self-consistently and 2) the theory is valid at room temperature for arbitrary values of the ratio R = (Q2/α), where Q is the magnitude of the normalized wave vector and α is the normalized frequency used in the Raman measurements. These calculations solve the charge neutrality equation self-consistently for a two-band model of GaAs at 300 K that includes the effects of high carrier concentrations and dopant densities on the perturbed densities of states used to calculate the Fermi energy as a function of temperature. The results are then applied to obtain the carrier concentrations from Fermi energies in the context of line shapes in Raman spectra due to the coupling between longitudinal optical phonons and plasmons. Raman measurements have been proposed as a non-destructive method for wafer acceptance tests of carrier density in semiconductor epilayers. The interpretation of Raman spectra to determine the majority electron density in n-type semiconductors requires an interdisciplinary effort involving experiments, theory, and computer-based simulations and visualizations of the theoretical calculations. 相似文献
12.
13.
Academically selective schools are intended to affect academic self-concept positively, but theoretical and empirical research demonstrates that the effects are negative. The big-fish--little-pond effect (BFLPE), an application of social comparison theory to educational settings, posits that a student will have a lower academic self-concept in an academically selective school than in a nonselective school. This study, the largest cross-cultural study of the BFLPE ever undertaken, tested theoretical predictions for nationally representative samples of approximately 4,000 15-year-olds from each of 26 countries (N=103,558) who completed the same self-concept instrument and achievement tests. Consistent with the BFLPE, the effects of school-average achievement were negative in all 26 countries (M beta=-.20, SD=.08), demonstrating the BFLPE's cross-cultural generalizability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
14.
Lüps und Petrak 《Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft》2003,49(2):159-160
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
15.
Giuseppe G. G. Manzardo Sandra Kürsteiner-Laube und Daniel Perrin 《Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A》1996,203(6):501-506
In diethyl ether extracts from celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var.rapaceum) all four stereoisomers of (3a–7a)-cis-3-butylhexahydrophthalide were found to be present. The analyses were carried out by means of GC, enantioselective GC and GC-MS. The assignment of the relative configuration of the diastereomers3 and4 was accomplished by NOE difference spectroscopy. 相似文献
16.
Nachbarn kommt kein Mitspracherecht dahingehend zu, dass die Zufahrt für Einsatzfahrzeuge der Feuerwehr gew?hrleistet sein
müsste. 相似文献
17.
European Food Research and Technology - Bei Bestimmungen des Proteingehalts von Haselnüssen in verschiedenen Handelsprodukten wie Nuß-Nougatcremes and Nußmus mit der... 相似文献
18.
B. Dix und R. Marutzky 《Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff》1985,43(4):148
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
19.
Laura Akers Herbert H Severson Judy A Andrews Edward Lichtenstein 《Nicotine & tobacco research》2007,9(9):907-914
This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of two low-intensity programs for quitting smokeless tobacco, based on results of a randomized trial with 1,069 volunteer participants. Cost data were collected for two levels of intervention: manual only (a self-help manual) and assisted self-help (the manual plus a videotape and two supportive phone calls from tobacco cessation counselors). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated for assisted self-help vs. quitting on one's own, using the manual-only quit rate and data from another study as alternative proxies for no intervention. A threshold analysis was conducted to determine the spontaneous quit rate at which the manual-only intervention becomes more cost-effective than assisted self-help. The cost to provide and receive the assisted self-help intervention averaged US $56 per participant vs. $20 for the manual-only intervention (societal perspective, Year 2000 dollars). Estimates for incremental cost per quit for the assisted self-help intervention ranged from $922 to $1,758, depending on the proxy used for no intervention. The manual-only intervention was more cost-effective than assisted self-help if quitting among motivated chewers who do not receive treatment does not exceed 3.4%. Support from a wife or partner added little cost to a quit attempt for male chewers ($3-$4). Providing a manual, video, and brief phone counseling to smokeless tobacco users who want to quit is a reasonable use of health care resources. The self-help quitting guide also may be a cost-effective treatment, but it remains to be demonstrated whether it is more effective than quitting on one's own. 相似文献