Influence of sex and slaughter weight on carcass and meat quality in light and medium weight lambs produced in intensive systems

Effects of slaughter weight and sex on carcass characteristics and lamb meat quality of Manchega Spanish breed were analysed. Forty-five lambs were divided into two slaughter weight groups: light (LW=21.7±0.16 kg; n=24) and medium (MW=27.8±0.16 kg; n=21). Dressing proportion and conformation were significantly different between groups and sex. There were also differences between light and medium group in fatness but not between males and females. Water holding capacity decreased with increasing slaughter weight (p<0.05) and was lower in females than in males (p<0.001). The increase in weight was associated with a decrease in L* (p<0.01), while a* showed an increase which failed to reach statistical significance. Slaughter weight and sex affected neither pH and its decrease post-slaughter nor meat toughness. ?     

Effects of Dietary n-3 LCPUFA Supplementation on the Hippocampus of Aging Female Mice: Impact on Memory,Lipid Raft-Associated Glutamatergic Receptors and Neuroinflammation

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), essential molecules whose precursors must be dietary supplied, are highly represented in the brain contributing to numerous neuronal processes. Recent findings have demonstrated that LCPUFA are represented in lipid raft microstructures, where they favor molecular interactions of signaling complexes underlying neuronal functionality. During aging, the brain lipid composition changes affecting the lipid rafts’ integrity and protein signaling, which may induce memory detriment. We investigated the effect of a n-3 LCPUFA-enriched diet on the cognitive function of 6- and 15-months-old female mice. Likewise, we explored the impact of dietary n-3 LCPUFAs on hippocampal lipid rafts, and their potential correlation with aging-induced neuroinflammation. Our results demonstrate that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation improves spatial and recognition memory and restores the expression of glutamate and estrogen receptors in the hippocampal lipid rafts of aged mice to similar profiles than young ones. Additionally, the n-3 LCPUFA-enriched diet stabilized the lipid composition of the old mice’s hippocampal lipid rafts to the levels of young ones and reduced the aged-induced neuroinflammatory markers. Hence, we propose that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation leads to beneficial cognitive performance by “rejuvenating” the lipid raft microenvironment that stabilizes the integrity and interactions of memory protein players embedded in these microdomains.     

Study of the Electrochemical Behavior of N-Substituted-4-Piperidones Curcumin Analogs: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Approach

The electrochemical behavior of N-methyl- and N-benzyl-4-piperidone curcumin analogs were studied experimentally and theoretically. The studied compounds present different substituents at the para position in the phenyl rings (-H, -Br, -Cl, -CF₃, and -OCH₃). We assessed their electrochemical behavior by differential pulse and cyclic voltammetry, while we employed density functional theory (DFT) M06 and M06-2x functionals along with 6-311+G(d,p) basis set calculations to study them theoretically. The results showed that compounds suffer a two-electron irreversible oxidation in the range of 0.72 to 0.86 V, with surface concentrations ranging from 1.72 × 10⁻⁷ to 5.01 × 10⁻⁷ mol/cm². The results also suggested that the process is diffusion-controlled for all compounds. M06 DFT calculations showed a better performance than M06-2x to obtain oxidation potentials. We found a good correlation between the experimental and theoretical oxidation potential for N-benzyl-4-piperidones (R² = 0.9846), while the correlation was poor for N-methyl-4-piperidones (R² = 0.3786), suggesting that the latter suffer a more complex oxidation process. Calculations of the BDEs for labile C-H bonds in the compounds suggested that neither of the two series of compounds has a different tendency for a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) oxidation process. It is proposed that irreversible behavior is due to possible dimerization of the compounds by Shono-type oxidation.     

Dapagliflozin Does Not Modulate Atherosclerosis in Mice with Insulin Resistance

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases morbimortality in humans via enhanced susceptibility to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are drugs designed for T2DM treatment to diminish hyperglycaemia by reducing up to 90% of renal tube glucose reabsorption. Clinical studies also suggest a beneficial action of SGLT2i in heart failure and CVD independent of its hypoglycaemiant effect. In the present study, we explored the effect of SGLT2i dapagliflozin (DAPA) in the metabolism and atherosclerosis in Apoe−/−Irs2+/− mice, which display accelerated atherosclerosis induced by insulin resistance. DAPA treatment of Apoe−/−Irs2+/− mice, which were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, failed to modify body weight, plasma glucose or lipid. Carbohydrate metabolism characterisation showed no effect of DAPA in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) despite augmented insulin levels during the test. In fact, decreased C-peptide levels in DAPA-treated mice during the GTT suggested impaired insulin release. Consistent with this, DAPA treatment of Apoe−/−Irs2+/− isolated islets displayed lower glucose-stimulated insulin secretion compared with vehicle-treated islets. Moreover, insulin-signalling experiments showed decreased pAKT activation in DAPA-treated adipose tissue indicating impaired insulin signalling in this tissue. No changes were seen in lesion size, vulnerability or content of macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, T cells or collagen. DAPA did not affect circulating inflammatory cells or cytokine levels. Hence, this study indicates that DAPA does not protect against atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant mice in hypercholesterolemic conditions.     

CAS role in the brain apoptosis of Bufo arenarum induced by cypermethrin.

CAS might have a key role in the apoptosis induced by toxins, acting as anti-apoptotic factor, stimulating the cellular proliferation and the cell contact stabilization. To start to elucidate their role in the brain apoptosis of Bufo arenarum induced by cypermethrin (CY), the expression patterns of CAS and several cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) were established. Bufo arenarum tadpoles of the control and acute bioassay survival at different doses (39, 156, 625 and 2,500 microg CY/L) and times (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) of CY treatment were fixed in Carnoy, embedded in paraffin and sectioned. CAS and CAMs expression was determined by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. When the bioassay starts, CAS increases suggesting a proliferative or regenerative effect, but decreases when the doses and/or the biocide exposure time increases, suggesting compromise of the cellular cycle control and trigger of an apoptotic wave. However, these neurotoxic mechanisms should not involve degradation of N-cadherin and alpha-catenin, in contrast of beta-catenin and axonal N-CAM180, at least in the initial apoptotic phase. Additionally, an adhesion compensatory mechanism by N-CAM180 is observed in the neuron cell body. These results suggest a dual role of CAS in the cellular cycle control during the CY-induced apoptosis: induction of cell proliferation and stabilization of the cell-cell junctions by modulating CAMs expression.     

Sulfonation with SO3: Relative reactivity of commercial alkylbenzene components

Commercial linear alkylbenzene components, such as linear alkylbenzene homologs and isomers, branched alkylbenzene and dialkyltetralins, have been synthesized and isolated. Equimolar mixtures have been prepared, and their relative velocities during the sulfonation reaction have been established.     

Bilevel model for production–distribution planning solved by using ant colony optimization

This paper addresses a hierarchical production–distribution planning problem. There are two different decision makers controlling the production and the distribution processes, respectively, that do not cooperate because of different optimization strategies. The distribution company, which is the leader of the hierarchical process, controls the allocation of retailers to each depot and the routes which serve them. In order to supply items to retailers, the distribution company orders from the manufacturing company the items which have to be available at the depots. The manufacturing company, which is the follower of the hierarchical process, reacts to these orders deciding which manufacturing plants will produce them. A bilevel program is proposed to model the problem and an ant colony optimization based approach is developed to solve the bilevel model. In order to construct a feasible solution, the procedure uses ants to compute the routes of a feasible solution of the associated multi-depot vehicle route problem. Then, under the given data on depot needs, the corresponding production problem of the manufacturing company is solved. Global pheromone trail updating is based on the leader objective function, which involves costs of sending items from depots to retailers and costs of acquiring items from manufacturing plants and unloading them into depots. A computational experiment is carried out to analyze the performance of the algorithm.     

Aflatoxin M1 in raw and ultra high temperature-treated milk commercialized in Portugal

During June to September 1999, 31 samples of raw milk were obtained from individual farms and 70 samples of ultrahigh-temperature-treated (UHT) milk (18 samples of whole milk, 22 of semi-skimmed and 30 samples of skimmed milk) were collected in supermarkets in Lisbon, Portugal. The total number of samples analysed was 101. The incidence of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁     

NDE ultrasonic methods to characterise the porosity of mortar

Premature damage of mortar and concrete structures, due to environmental action, demands procedures to estimate durability of this type of components. Mortar or concrete composition (e.g. grain size, type and percentage of sand) may have some influence in the durability, but it is mainly related to porosity, which determines the interaction between aggressive agents and material. In this work, several IDE ultrasonic methods to estimate porosity of mortar are presented and evaluated. In these methods, porosity is related to (1) the material structural noise, (2) sound velocity and (3) ultrasonic attenuation. In all these methods, mortar is consider to be formed by only two phases: solid and pores.