High-yield flip-chip bonding and packaging of low-threshold VCSEL arrays on sapphire substrates

Oxide-confined top-emitting 850 nm and bottom-emitting 980 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) 8/spl times/8 arrays were designed and fabricated for applications of optical interconnects. The arrays were flip-chip bonded onto sapphire substrates that contain complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) driver and fan-out circuitries. The off-sited bonding contacts and minimized bonding force produced very high yield of the hybridization process without causing damage to the VCSEL mesas. The hybridized devices were further mounted either on printed circuit board (PCB) or in 68-pin pin-grid-array (PGA) packages. The transparent sapphire substrate allowed optical outputs from the top-emitting VCSEL arrays to transmit directly through without additional substrate removal procedure. Lasing thresholds below 250 /spl mu/A for 850 nm VCSELs and 800 /spl mu/A for 980 nm VCSEL were found at room temperature. The oxide confinement apertures of VCSELs were measured to be around 6 /spl mu/m in diameter. High-speed data transmission demonstrated a bandwidth of up to 1 Gbits/s per channel for these hybridized VCSEL transmitters.     

Carbon Segregation in CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy Driven by High-Pressure Torsion at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures

Herein, a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy with reduced Cr content and with the addition of 2 at% C interstitial is processed via high-pressure torsion (HPT) under 6.5 GPa by three turns at room and cryogenic temperatures. The microstructure is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). The results indicate that C atoms segregate at the boundaries of the nanograins in the sample processed at room temperature, while the sample processed at cryogenic temperature does not show any notable segregations of carbon.     

Dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs in dairy products on the German market and the temporal tendency in Schleswig-Holstein

140 Milcherzeugnisse aus verschiedenen Regionen Deutschlands wurden 2006 auf Dioxine, dioxin?hnliche PCB und nicht dioxin?hnliche PCB untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 66 K?se-, 23 Butter- und 51 Quark- bzw. Joghurterzeugnisse analysiert. Die Probenahme erfolgte in Superm?rkten und Einzelhandelsgesch?ften auf der Basis der Produktionsmengen in den einzelnen Bundesl?ndern der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Dioxinkonzentrationen und die Summe der WHO-TEQ blieben weit unter den EU-Grenzwerten von 3 pg WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/g Fett und 6 pg WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/g Fett. Die Dioxingehalte lagen bei niedrigen 0,07–0,53 pg WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/g Fett mit einem arithmetischen Mittelwert von 0,19 pg WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg Fett. Die WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ Gehalte lagen zwischen 0,21 und 2,1 pg WHO-TEQ/g Fett, mit einem mittleren Gehalt von 0,76 pg WHO-TEQ/g Fett. Regionale Abh?ngigkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Produktgruppen konnten nicht festgestellt werden. Langj?hrige Messungen der Dioxingehalte in Butter und K?se aus Schleswig-Holstein zeigen über den Zeitraum von 13 Jahren eine deutliche Abnahme der Gehalte von 0,43 auf 0,19 pg WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/g Fett.     

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Karl Kratzl Emeritus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Antitussive properties of butorphanol

Butorphanol (levo-N-cyclobutylmethyl-3, 14-dihydroxy morphinan), a potent analgetic agent of the narcotic antagonist type with a low abuse potential in laboratory animals, was evaluated for antitussive activity in unanesthetized guinea-pigs and dogs. Subcutaneously, it was over 100 times more active than codeine, dextromethorphan and dl-pentazocine and about 20 times more active than morphine in the guinea-pig, while in the dog it was 100, 10 and 4 times more active than codeine, dl-pentazocine and morphine, respectively. Orally, butorphanol was 15-20 times more active than either codeine or dextromethrophan in both species. Naloxone reversed the antitussive effects of butorphanol, codeine, morphine and dl-pentazocine while those of dextromethorphan were not antagonized. The antitussive effect of butorphanol and morphine lasted about 4 hr and both compounds were longer acting than codeine. Butorphanol was also shown to be as effective against cough of pathological origin as against experimentally induced cough in the dog.     

Adrenergic receptors mediating depolarization in brown adipose tissue

Adrenergic receptors mediating depolarization in in vitro neonatal rat brown adipose tissue (BAT) have been characterized by use of adrenergic agonists and antagonists. Releasable endogenous catecholamine was present in BAT as demonstrated by tyramine- and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide- (DMPP) induced depolarization in BAT from normal rats and its absence when BAT from reserpinized rats was used. In BAT from reserpinized rats l-norepinephrine, l-phenylephrine, and l-isoproterenol all similarly depolarized the bronw adipocytes over the concentration range of 10(-8) to 10(-6) M with a maximal depolarization of about 25 mV. Dopamine and d-norepinephrine were more than 100 times less potent. The beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol competitively inhibited isoproterenol-induced depolarization, whereas the alpha-adrenergic blackers, phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, inhibited the phenylephrine-induced depolarization with much smaller inhibitory effects on the isoproterenol-induced depolarization. Both phenylephrine and isoproterenol elicited transient depolarizations when briefly added to the bathing medium while continuously recording from the same cell. Both the agonist and antagonist studies are interpreted as indicating the presence of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors on BAT cells which mediate catecholamine-induced depolarization.     

Fatty acid binding protein. Role in esterification of absorbed long chain fatty acid in rat intestine

Fatty acid binding protein (FABP) is a protein of 12,000 mol wt found in cytosol of intestinal mucosa and other tissues, which exhibits high affinity for long chain fatty acids. It has been suggested that FABP (which may comprise a group of closely related proteins of 12,000 mol wt) participates in cellular fatty acid transport and metabolism. Although earlier findings were consistent with this concept, the present studies were designed to examine its physiological function more directly. Everted jejunal sacs were incubated in mixed fatty acid-monoglyceride-bile acid micelles, in the presence or absence of equimolar concentrations of either of two compounds which inhibit oleate binding to FABP:flavaspidic acid-N-methyl-glucaminate and alpha-bromopalmitate. Oleate uptake, mucosal morphology, and oxidation of [14C]acetate remained unaffected by these agents, but oleate incorporation into triglyceride was inhibited by 62-64% after 4 min. The inhibition by flavaspidic acid was reversible with higher oleate concentrations. The effect of these compounds on enzymes of triglyceride biosynthesis was examined in intestinal microsomes. Neither flavaspidic acid nor alpha-bromopalmitate inhibited acyl CoA:monoglyceride acyl-transferase. Fatty acid:coenzyme A ligase activity was significantly enhanced in the presence of partially purified FABP, probably reflecting a physical effect on the fatty acid substrate or on the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Activity of the enzyme in the presence of 0.1 mM oleate was only modestly inhibited by equimolar flavaspidic acid and alpha-bromopalmitate, and this effect was blunted or prevented by FABP. We conclude that in everted gut sacs, inhibition of triglyceride synthesis by flavaspidic acid and alpha-bromopalmitate could not be explained as an effect on fatty acid uptake or on esterifying enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum but rather can be interpreted as reflecting inhibition of fatty acid binding to FABP. These findings lend further support to the concept that FABP participates in cellular fatty acid transport and metabolism. It is also possible that FABP, by effecting an intracellular compartmentalization of fatty acids and acyl CoA, may play a broader role in cellular lipid metabolism.     

The influence of taking uterine biopsies on the concentration of some steroids in the blood and in the uterus, on the ovarian activity, and on the sexual behaviour of the mare

It has been shown that stimulation of the uterus of mares by the daily taking of biopsies can result in the occurrence of oestrous symptoms. This is accompanied by some follicular growth and a progesterone content in the blood often higher than 1 ng/ml. The following observations suggest that this progesterone originates in the uterus and not in the ovaries: (1) no active corpora lutea appeared to be present in the ovaries after ovariectomy, (2) ovariectomized mares showed the same oestrous symptoms in similar experiments and even mating took place, (3) in the uterine biopsies the concentration of the compound referred to as "5.4", which is assumed to be easily convertible into progesterone, had already increased considerably in the second biopsy, (4) administration of stilboestrol reduced the rise of the progesterone level in the uterine biopsies as well as in the blood. The absence of oestradiol-17 beta in the ovarian follicles and the fact that ovariectomized mares also come into heat suggest that oestrogens cannot be held responsible for the oestrous symptoms in these mares. Our experiments demonstrate that the uterus can be involved in sexual behaviour and the formation of steroids.